Green - Lecture notes 2 PDF

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NAMING COMPOUND S

Steps in Naming Chemical Compound Naming Covalent Compound

Name the first element in the compound. Molecular formulas are read from left to right, just like English words. Generally, the first atom (the 1 on the left of the molecular formula) is also the least-abundant atom in the compound. Write the name of this atom first. 

For example, in the molecular formula CF4, Carbon (C) comes first, so we write it first: "Carbon" Write the Greek prefix for the number of the second atom. Next, look at the second atom in the molecule. Determine how many times it appears in the molecule. This is the number written in subscript next to it in the molecular formula. If there is no number next to the second atom, it appears once. Find the appropriate Greek prefix from the table above and write it next.



In our sample element, CF4, fluorine is the second element and it appears four times. We'll write the Greek prefix for four, tetra, next, like this: "Carbon tetra-"

Name the second atom and end it with "-ide." Now, simply write the name of the second atom as if it were an anion (negatively-charged ion). In other words, just stick "-ide" on the end. In most cases, you will need to drop a letter or 2 off the end of the name, but this is something that will seem more natural the more you do it. For example, oxygen becomes "oxide," chlorine becomes "chloride," and so on. 

In our sample element, CF4, fluorine is the second element, so we'll write it at the end. Be sure to add the -ide ending, like this: "Carbon Tetrafluoride". Add a Greek prefix at the beginning if there is more than one of the first atom. Determine how many times the first atom appears in the molecule. If you have the molecular formula, this will be the number written in subscript after the first atom. Again, if there is no number, the first atom appears once. If the atom does appear more than once, write its Greek prefix at the beginning of the name.



In our sample element, CF4, carbon appears once, so we don't have to do anything. We wouldn't write "mono" at the beginning. You only use "mono" for the second atom — never the first. For example, dinitrogen tetrachloride would be written as N2F4.

o

Put it all together. Congratulations — you're done. Your compound's name is written in this form: We already know our compound's name: Carbon Tetrafluoride.

Naming Ionic Compound

Consult the periodic table of elements. When naming ionic compounds, all of the information you’ll need is on the periodic table. Ionic compounds are formed of a metal (cation) and a non-metal (anion). You can find metals on the left and central sections of the periodic table (e.g., Barium, Radium, and Lead), while you can find non-metals on the right side of the table. Write the name of the metal. The first part of an ionic compound is called the "cation," which is a metal. This is the positively charged ion in the compound, and it is always written first in ionic compound formulas. Check the period table to find the name of “Na” if you need to. Na is sodium. So, write sodium Add the name of the non-metal with an –ide ending. The second component of an ionic compound is the non-metal anion. Write the non-metal's name with an "-ide" ending. Cl is chlorine. To add the "-ide" ending, just drop the 1 or 2 syllables ("-ine" in this case), and add "-ide" instead. Chlorine becomes chloride Combine the cation and anion names. Once you’ve found the names for the 2 components of the ionic compound, you’ve done nearly all of the work. Now you just need to put the parts together. NaCl can be written as sodium chloride.

Naming Binary Compound   

The order for names in a binary compound is first the cation, then the anion. Use the name of cation with a fixed oxidation state directly from the periodic table. The name of the anion will be made from the root of the element's name plus the suffix "-ide."

Activity#1 Direction: Write the Chemical Formula of the following Ionic Compound

Sodium Oxide Calcium Oxide Aluminum Chloride Potassium Sulfide Magnesium Bromide Strontium Nitride Lithium Fluoride Beryllium Bromide Sodium Phosphide Calcium Nitride Sodium(II) Sulfide Potassium Oxide Calcium (II) Bromide Platinum (II) Sulfide Potassium Fluoride Aluminum Nitrogen Iron Nitride Manganese (II) Chloride Beryllium Oxide Silver Nitride

Activity#2 Direction: Write the Chemical Formula of the following Covalent Compound

Dihydrogen Monoxide Nitrogen Monoxide Dihydrogen Hexoxide Diboron Hexahydride Sulfur Hexachloride Diphosphorous Hexafluoride Carbon Disulfide Boron Trifluoride Carbon Tetrafluoride Silicon Tetrafluoride Hydrogen Bromide Diphosphorous Pentoxide Silicon Dioxide Decanitrogen Tetroxide Octaphosphorous Heptoxide Nitrogen Monosulfide Phosphorous Chloride Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Tetrafluoride Dinitrogen Pentasulfide

Activity#3 Direction: Write the Chemical Formula of the following Binary Compound Iron (IV) Nitrate Copper (II) Chlorate Chromium (III) Nitrate Ammonium Cyanide Ammonium Sulfite Magnesium Oxalate Sodium Phosphate Silver Carbonate Cobalt (III) Chromate Nickel Phosphate

Activity#4 Direction: Give the Chemical Name of the following Binary Compound

Na2SO4 CrSo3 NH4CN Mn2(SO3)3 Fe(NO3)3 Cr(NO3)3 MgC2O4 CrSO3 TiBr4 NiPo4

Activity#5 Direction: Give the Chemical Name of the following Covalent Compound NO H 2O CO2 SF4 HO SO HCl NF3 SeBr2 P2Cl6

Activity#6 Direction: Give the Chemical Name of the following Ionic Compound NaCl CaF Cu2O AlCl CaBr KO TiBr3 MnAs TiSe2 PtS

Activity#7 Direction: Identify the following compound if it is (Binary Compound, Ionic Compound, and Covalent Compound)

NH4O CaCl HO FO MnS NH4CNO ScPO4 AgHCO3 P 2S 4 FEN

Activity#8 Direction: Give the Chemical Name of the following compound and identify if it is (Binary Compound, Ionic Compound, and Covalent Compound) NaH CF4 ZNCO3 HO NH4NO3 CdF Fe(PO4)2 NCl3 FeF NH4IO3

Activity#9 Direction: Give the Chemical Formula of the following compound and identify if it is (Binary Compound, Ionic Compound, and Covalent Compound) Nitrogen Phosphide Silver Cyanide Scandium Sulfide Ammonium Sulfate Magnesium Bromide Boron Monoxide Lithium Acetate Nitrogen Monoxide Ammonium Oxide Copper (II) Fluoride

Activity#10 Direction: Identify the following compound if it is True or False

H2O-Dihydrogen Monoxide Mg(PO4)2-Magnesium (II) Phosphate LiC2H3O2-Lithium Acetate Ca(HCO3)2-Calcium (II) Carbonate NaH-Sodium Hydride Al(CN)3-Aluminum Cyanide C2O-Carbon Dioxide Pb(C2H3O2)2-Lead (II) Acetate N2Cl2-Dinitrogen Dichloride NaH4AsO5-Sodium dihydrogen arsenate

ANSWER KEY Activity#1

Sodium Oxide Calcium Oxide Aluminum Chloride Potassium Sulfide Magnesium Bromide Strontium Nitride Lithium Fluoride Beryllium Bromide Sodium Phosphide Calcium Nitride Sodium(II) Sulfide Potassium Oxide Calcium (II) Bromide Platinum (II) Sulfide Potassium Fluoride Aluminum Nitrogen Iron Nitride Manganese (II) Chloride Beryllium Oxide Silver Nitride

NaO CaO AlCl KS MgBr SrN LiF BeBr NaP CaN Na2S KO Ca CaBr2 PtS AlN FeN MnCl2 BeO AgN

Activity#2 Dihydrogen Monoxide Nitrogen Monoxide Dihydrogen Hexoxide Diboron Hexahydride Sulfur Hexachloride Diphosphorous Hexafluoride Carbon Disulfide Boron Trifluoride Carbon Tetrafluoride Silicon Tetrafluoride Hydrogen Bromide Diphosphorous Pentoxide Silicon Dioxide Decanitrogen Tetroxide Octaphosphorous Heptoxide Nitrogen Monosulfide Phosphorous Chloride Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Tetrafluoride Dinitrogen Pentasulfide

H2O NO H2O6 Br2H6 SCl6 P2F6 CS2 BF3 CF4 SiF4 HBr PO5 SiO2 N10O4 P8O7 N3S PCl3 CO NF3 N 2S 5 ACTIVITY#3

Iron (IV) Nitrate Copper (II) Chlorate Chromium (III) Nitrate Ammonium Cyanide Ammonium Sulfite Magnesium Oxalate Sodium Phosphate

Fe(NO3)3 Cu(CLO3)2 Cr(NO3)3 NH4N2 (NH4)2SO3 MgC2O4 Na2SO4

Silver Carbonate Cobalt (III) Chromate Nickel Phosphate

Ag2C3 Co2(CrO4)3 Ni3(PO4)2

ACTIVITY#4 Na2SO4 CrSo3 NH4CN Mn2(SO3)3 Fe(NO3)3 Cr(NO3)3 MgC2O4 CrSO3 TiBr4 NiPO4 NO H2O CO2 SF4 HO SO HCl NF3 SeBr2 P2Cl6

Nickel(II) Sulfate Chromium Trioxide Ammonium Cyanide Manganese(III) Sulfite Iron(III) Nitrate Chromic Nitrate Magnesium Oxalate Chromium Trioxide Titanium Tetrabromide Nickel(III) Phosphate ACTIVITY#5 Nitrogen Monoxide Dihydrogen Monoxide Carbon Dioxide Sulfur Tetrafluoride Hydrogen Monoxide Sulfur Monoxide Hydrogen Chloride Nitrogen Trifluoride Selenium Dibromide Diphosphorus Hexachloride

ACTIVITY#6 NaCl CaF Cu2O GaCl CaBr KO TiBr3 MnAs

Sodium chloride Calcium Fluoride Copper(I) oxide Aluminum Chloride Calcium Bromide Potassium Oxide Titanium (III) Bromide Manganese Arsenide

TiSe2 PtS

Titanium Diselenide Platinum Sulfide ACTIVITY#7 NH4O CaCl HO FO MnS NH4CNO ScPO4 AgHCO3 P 2S 4 FEN

NaH CF4 ZNCO3 HO NH4NO3 CdF Fe(PO4)2 NCl3 FeF NH4IO3

Binary Compound Ionic Compound Covalent Compound Covalent Compound Ionic Compound Binary Compound Binary Compound Ionic Compound Covalent Compound Ionic Compound

ACTIVITY#8 Ionic Compound Covalent Compound Binary Compound Covalent Compound Binary Compound Ionic Compound Binary Compound Covalent Compound Ionic Compound Binary Compound

Sodium Hydride Carbon Tetrafluoride Zinc Carbonate Hydrogen Oxide Ammonium Nitrate Cadmium Fluoride Iron (II) Phosphate Nitrogen Trichloride Iron Fluoride Ammonium Iodate

ACTIVITY#9 Nitrogen Phosphide Silver Cyanide Scandium Sulfide Ammonium Sulfate Magnesium Bromide Boron Monoxide Lithium Acetate Nitrogen Monoxide Ammonium Oxide Copper (II) Fluoride

Covalent Compound Binary Compound Ionic Compound Binary Compound Ionic Compound Covalent Compound Binary Compound Covalent Compound Binary Compound Ionic Compound

ACTIVITY#10 H2O-Dihydrogen Monoxide Mg(PO4)2-Magnesium (II) Phosphate

NP AgCN Sc2S3 (NH4)2SO4 MgBr2 BO LiC2H3O2 NO NH4O CuF2

True False

LiC2H3O2-Lithium Acetate Ca(HCO3)2-Calcium (II) Carbonate NaH-Sodium Hydride Al(CN)3-Aluminum Cyanide C2O-Carbon Dioxide Pb(C2H3O2)2-Lead (II) Acetate N2Cl2-Dinitrogen Dichloride NaH4AsO5-Sodium dihydrogen arsenate

True False True False True False True False

BALANCING

Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations Step 1: Write down your given equation. For this example, you will use: C3H8 + O2 --> H2O + CO2 Step 2: Write down the number of atoms per element. Do this for each side of the equation. Look at the subscripts next to each atom to find the number of atoms in the equation. When writing it out, it's a good idea to connect it back to the original equation, noting how each element appears. For example, you have 3 oxygen atoms on the right side, but that total results from addition. Left side: 3 carbon (C3), 8 hydrogen (H8) and 2 oxygen (O2). Right side: 1 carbon (C), 2 hydrogen (H2) and 3 oxygen (O + O2). Step 3: Save hydrogen and oxygen for last, as they are often on both sides. Hydrogen and oxygen are both common in molecules, so it's likely that you'll have them on both sides of your equation. It's best to balance them last. You'll need to recount your atoms before balancing the hydrogen and oxygen, as you'll likely need to use coefficients to balance the other atoms in the equation.

Step 4: Start with single elements. If you have more than one element left to balance, select the element that appears in only a single molecule of reactants and in only a single molecule of products. This means that you will need to balance the carbon atoms first. Step 5: Use a coefficient to balance the single carbon atom. Add a coefficient to the single carbon atom on the right of the equation to balance it with the 3 carbon atoms on the left of the equation. C3H8 + O2 --> H2O + 3CO2 The coefficient 3 in front of carbon on the right side indicates 3 carbon atoms just as the subscript 3 on the left side indicates 3 carbon atoms. In a chemical equation, you can change coefficients, but you must never alter the subscripts. Step 6: Balance the hydrogen atoms next. Since you have balanced all atoms besides the hydrogen and oxygen, you can address the hydrogen atoms. You have 8 on the left side. So you'll need 8 on the right side. Use a coefficient to achieve this.[6] C3H8 + O2 --> 4H2O + 3CO2 On the right side, you now added a 4 as the coefficient because the subscript showed that you already had 2 hydrogen atoms. When you multiply the coefficient 4 times by the subscript 2, you end up with 8. The other 6 atoms of oxygen come from 3CO2.(3x2=6 atoms of oxygen+ the other 4=10) Step 7: Balance the oxygen atoms. Remember to account for the coefficients that you've used to balance out the other atoms. Because you've added coefficients to the molecules on the right side of the equation, the number of oxygen atoms has changed. You now have 4 oxygen atoms in the water molecules and 6 oxygen atoms in the carbon dioxide molecules. That makes a total of 10 oxygen atoms. Add a coefficient of 5 to the oxygen molecule on the left side of the equation. You now have 10 oxygen atoms on each side. C3H8 + 5O2 --> 4H2O + 3CO2

The carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are balanced. Your equation is complete.

Activity#1 Direction: Balance each of the following equations. 1) _____Fe+_____Cl2 −−→_____FeCl3 2) _____Fe+ _____O2 −−→_____ Fe2O3 3) _____FeBr3 +_____H22SO4 −−→_____Fe2 (SO4)3+_____HBr 4) ______C4H6O3 +_____ H2O −−→_____C2H4O2 5) ______C2H4+ _____O2 −−→_____CO2 +_____H2O 6) _____C4H10O+_____ O2 −−→_____CO2 +_____ H2O 7) _____C7H16 +_____O2 −−→______CO2+_____H2O 8) _____H2 SiCl2+_____H2O −−→_____H8Si4O4 +_____ HCl 9) _____HSiCl3 +_____H2O −−→ _____H10Si10O15 +_____HCl 10)

C7H9 + HNO3 −−→_____C7H6 (NO2 )3 +_____H2O

Activity#2

Direction: Identify if it is Balance or Not 1) Na3PO+3 KOH −−→3 NaOH+1 K2PO4 2) P4+ O2 −−→2 P2O3 3) N2+3 H2 −−→2 NH3 4) K+ Cl2 −−→ 2 KCl 5) N2+3 F2 −−→2 NF 6) 2 Al+ 6 HCl −−→3 H2+ AlCl3 7) 2 NH3+ H2SO4 −−→ (NH4)2SO4 8) CF4+Br2 −−→ CBr4+2 F2 9) NaF+Br2 −−→2 NaBr+ F2 10)GaF3+ Cs −−→ 3 CsF+ Ga

Activity#3 Direction: Answer the following questions about the chemical equation shown below:

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2 O a) What are the reactants? b) What is the product? c) What do we call the number "2" in front of the H2 (and H2O)? d) Is the reaction balanced? e) Why is there not a coefficient for O2? . f) How many hydrogen atoms are needed to produce two H2O molecules? g) How many oxygen atoms are needed to produce two H 2O molecules? h) How many hydrogen molecules are needed to produce two H2O molecules? i) How many oxygen molecules are needed to produce two H2O molecules? j) Write the "word equation" that you would use to describe this reaction.

Activity#4 Direction: Balance the following chemical equations: a) ____Fe +____ O2 →_____ Fe2O3

b) _____H2 + _____Cl2 → _____HCl c) _____Ag + H2S → Ag2S + H2 d) CH4 + _____O2 → CO2 + _____H2O e) _____HgO → _____Hg + O2 f) _____Co + _____H2O → Co2 O3 + _____H2

Activity#5 Direction: Balance the following chemical equations. 1._____ Fe + ____H2S04 −−→_____ Fe2(SO4)3 + _____H2 2. _____C2H6 + _____O2 −−→_____ H2O + _____CO2 3._____ KOH + _____H3PO4 −−→ _____K3PO4+ _____H2O 4. _____SnO2 +_____ H2 −−→ _____Sn + _____H2O 5. _____NH3 + _____O2 −−→ _____NO + _____H2O 6._____ KNO3 + _____H2CO3 −−→ _____K2CO3 +_____ HNO3 7._____ B2Br6 + _____HNO3 −−→ _____B(NO3)3 + _____HBr 8. _____BF3 +_____ Li2SO3 −−→ _____B2(SO3)3 + _____LiF 9. _____(NH4)3PO4 +_____ Pb(NO3)4 −−→_____ Pb3(PO4)4 + _____NH4NO3 10. _____SeCl6 + _____O2 −−→_____ SeO2 + _____Cl2

Activity#6 Direction: Write and balance the following word equations. 1. Dicarbon Dihydride + Oxygen −−→ Carbon Dioxide + Water 2. Potassium Oxide + Water −−→ Potassium Hydroxide 3. Hydrogen Peroxide −−→ Water + Oxygen

4. Aluminum + Oxygen −−→ Aluminum Oxide 5. Sodium Peroxide + Water −−→ Sodium Hydroxide + Oxygen

Activity#7 For the following: 1. Draw a circle around each subscript. 2. Draw a square around each coefficient. H2O

5Cl2

2Mg

3H2O2

For the following 1. List the chemical symbols of each element. 2. Give the number of atoms of each element. HCl

CO2

Na2SO4

Activity#8 Balance the following chemical equations. 1. ____ Cu2O + ____ C  ____ Cu + ____ CO2 2. ____ H2O2  ____H2O + ____O2 3. ____ Al + ____Fe3N2  ___ AlN + ____ Fe 4. ____Ag2S  ____Ag + ____ S8 5. ____ ZnS + ____AlP  ____Zn3P2 + ____Al2S3

Activity#9 Given the two chemical equations, circle the one that is balanced. 1..

a. 2Na + Cl2  2NaCl b. 2Na + 2Cl2  2NaCl

2.

a. C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O b. 2C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 8H2O

3.

a. 2NH3 + 5O2  2NO + 3H2O b. 4NH3 + 5O2  4NO + 6H2O

4.

a. Y(NO3)2 + GaPO4  YPO4 + Ga(NO3)2 b. 2Y(NO3)2 + 2GaPO4  2YPO4 + Ga(NO3)2

Activity#10

1. phosphorus (P4) + oxygen → diphosphorus Pentoxide

2.

potassium hydroxide → potassium oxide + water

3.

aluminum + copper(II) nitrate → aluminum nitrate + Copper

4.

pentane (C5H12) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

5.

ammonium dichromate → chromium(III) oxide + nitrogen + water

6.

barium chloride + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + barium hydroxide

7.

nickel chlorate → nickel chloride + oxygen

8.

aluminum + hydrochloric acid → aluminum chloride + Hydrogen

9.

potassium hydroxide + antimony(III) chloride → potassium chloride + antimony(III) oxide + water

10.ethane (C2H6) + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

ANSWER KEY ACTIVITY#1

1) ___2__Fe+__3___Cl2 −−→__2___FeCl3 2) ___4__Fe+ ___3__O2 −−→___2__ Fe2O3 3) ___2__FeBr3 +__3___H22SO4 −−→__1___Fe2 (SO4)3+__6___HBr 4) ____1__C4H6O3 +___1__ H2O −−→__2___C2H4O2 5) ___1___C2H4+ __3___O2 −−→__2___CO2 +___2__H2O 6) __1___C4H10O+___6__ O2 −−→__4___CO2 +__5___ H2O 7) ___1__C7H16 +___11__O2 −−→___7___CO2+___8__H2O 8) ___4__H2 SiCl2+___4__H2O −−→__1___H8Si4O4 +___8__ HCl 9) ____10_HSiCl3 +__15___H2O −−→ ___1__H10Si10O15 +__30___HCl 10)

1 C7H9 + HNO3 −−→__1__C7H6 (NO2 )3 +__3___H2O ACTIVITY#2

1) Na3PO+3 KOH −−→3 NaOH+1 K2PO4- Balance 2) P4+ O2 −−→2 P2O3- Not 3) N2+3 H2 −−→2 NH3- Balance 4) K+ Cl2 −−→ 2 KCl-Not 5) N2+3 F2 −−→2 NF-Balance 6) 2 Al+ 6 HCl −−→3 H2+ AlCl3-Not 7) 2 NH3+ H2SO4 −−→ (NH4)2SO4- Balance 8) CF4+Br2 −−→ CBr4+2 F2- Not 9) NaF+Br2 −−→2 NaBr+ F2- Balance 10)GaF3+ Cs −−→ 3 CsF+ Ga- Not

ACTIVITY#3 a) What are the reactants? H2 and O2 b) What is the product? H2O c) What is the number "2" in front of the H2 (and H2O) called? Coefficient d) Is the reaction balanced? Yes

e) Why is there not a coefficient in for O2? When the coefficient would be "1", it is omitted. f) How many hydrogen atoms are needed to produce two H2O molecules? 4 g) How many oxygen atoms are needed to produce two H2O molecules? 2 h) How many hydrogen molecules are needed to produce two H2O molecules? 2 i) How many oxygen molecules are needed to produce two H2O molecules? 1 j) Write the "word equation" that you would use to describe this reaction.

ACTIVITY#4 a) 4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3

b) H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl c) 2 Ag + H2S → Ag2S + H2 d) CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O e) 2 HgO → 2 Hg + O2 f) 2 Co + 3 H2O → Co2O3 + 3 H2

ACTIVITY#5 1.___2__ Fe + _3___H2S04 −−→___1__ Fe2(SO4)3 + __3___H2 2. ___2__C2H6 + ___7__O2 −−→___6__ H2O + __4___CO2 3.___3__ KOH + ____1_H3PO4 −−→ __1___K3PO4+ __3___H2O 4. __1___SnO2 +__2___ H2 −−→ __1___Sn + _2____H2O 5. ___4__NH3 + ____5_O2 −−→ ___4__NO + ___6__H2O 6.__2___ KNO3 + ___1__H2CO3 −−→ _1____K2CO3 +_2____ HNO3 7.___1__ B2Br6 + ___6_...