Harding-HIST101-11:13 PDF

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Late Medieval Europe: Politics & Religion  Guilds  Lay investiture  Concordat or Worms  Scholasticism  Holy Roman Empire  William the Conqueror  Inquisition  Norman Conquest  Henry II  Thomas a Becket  Magna Carta Urbanization  City governments  Guilds o Apprentice, journeyman, master  Gender roles o Women have more mobility, freedom o Some trade become dominated by women  Physical environment o Fires are a threat due to wood buildings in close proximity o Disease due to public sewer system  Ecological impact Ecclesiastical (Church) Issues:  Lay investiture o Lay- people who are not clergy o Lay people having rights to appoint church officials over Pope  Pope Gregory VII vs. King Henry IV of German- Investiture Controversy o Gregory wants reform  Concordat of Worms, 1122 o Agreement that settles investiture controversy o Will be appointment into church office by Pope o Earthy rule by king Popular Religion…exclusively Roman Catholic  Sacraments  Saint, relics, and pilgrims o Churches built on bones of Saints  Worst punishment to be excommunicated  More people traveling in larger numbers  Cathedral at Worms and Bath Abbey

Universities  More professionalized  Law and medicine guilds  Oxford, est’d in 13th century  Focus in theology  Men only Scholasticism  Reconciling faith and reason  Harmonizing Christian revelation with Aristotle  Thomas Aquinas in Summa Theological Franciscan Monks  Live among people as teachers  Aided the poor  Simplicity Dominican Order  Defended church teachings from heresy o Anything that contradicts church doctrine  Played role in the inquisition (13th century)  St. Dominic The Inquisition  Heretics  Jews  Muslims Rise of the Turks  Seljuk Turks expand  Declining Byzantine Empire  Turkish control of Holy Land (Levant) o Islamic o More hostile to Christian pilgrims The Crusades  Historical Context  Height of Church and Pope  Pope Urban II (1095)- 1st Crusade  Christians couldn’t get to the Holy Land o Complete remission of sins o Slaughter 70,000 men, women, and children  At least 9 crusades from 1096-1272 rd 3 Crusade (1189-1192)

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Kings’ Crusade Richard I (the Lionheart) vs. Saladin o Mutual massacres at Acre Christian pilgrimage and trade protected Blood bath Truce- remained in control with Christians allowed to visit

4th Crusade (1202-1204)  French knights attacked Constantinople o Christian city o Told they would be paid  City sacked for 3 days  East vs. West Consequences of the Crusades:  Death-knell of the Byzantine Empire  Increase in cross-cultural interactions o Pilgrimages, trade  Rise of Italian trading cities o Genoa, Venice  Decline of nobility’s power o Expensive crusades o Merchants increase  Decline in papal power o Church starts to be questioned  YET, revival of Europe and birth of “nation-states”...