Harvard Referencing Guide PDF

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A student’s basic guide to referencing: Harvard style TAFE NSW Libraries July 2018

Table of Contents Topic

Page

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................................................................................

2

Bibliography and Reference List ...........................................................................................................................................................

3

Acceptable abbreviations in the Reference List ....................................................................................................................................

4

Examples Books ...........................................................................................................................................................................................

5

Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Translated books..............................................................................................................................

7

Secondary sources, citing multiple sources, Corporate author…………………………………………………………………………………………………

8

eBooks ...........................................................................................................................................................................................

9

Ephemera & Theses.......................................................................................................................................................................

10

Journals, Newspaper, & Magazine articles, Articles retrieved from databases ............................................................................

11

Figures: Original / Website / Database / Print ..............................................................................................................................

13

Government publications ..............................................................................................................................................................

14

Statistics & Standards, Music recordings………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

15

Legal sources .................................................................................................................................................................................

16

Acts of Parliament, Bills & Cases ...................................................................................................................................................

17

Conference papers ........................................................................................................................................................................

18

Lecture notes, Motion picture videos, DVDs & Online videos ......................................................................................................

19

TV & Radio programs, Podcasts

.................................................................................................................................................

20

Webpages, documents, PDFs from websites ...............................................................................................................................

21

Facebook and Twitter ...................................................................................................................................................................

22

Blog posts & Wikis, Personal Communications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

23

Sample Harvard reference list........................................................................................................................................................

24

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Introduction Why reference Most of the work you produce requires referencing to demonstrate that you have researched and considered the ideas of others in researching your topic or presenting your argument. Referencing is also necessary because it prevents you from ‘plagiarising’, which can lead to an automatic fail result. Plagiarism is using someone else’s thoughts, words or ideas and writing them as if they were your own. Referencing tells the reader where the original idea/ information can be found.

What should be referenced? Anything that you have read or heard that has influenced your writing:  A concept or idea  Class notes  A paraphrased quote  Script or screenplay  A contestable argument  A direct quote  Personal communication General knowledge does not need to be referenced, for example: Canberra is the capital of Australia. But if you read that ‘The Yass – Canberra plains were chosen because of the snow in Dalgety …’ this would have to be referenced. A contestable argument that would need to be referenced may be: It is a fact that Lady Denman, rather than the Surveyor Scrivener actually proclaimed the name Canberra. The Harvard style is an author-date referencing system with two key components:  Citations in the text.  A reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text referencing This is a short notation within the essay, report or written answer, indicating where the source of the information or idea can be found.   

Always include the author’s surname, the year of publication. Page number(s) are included for direct quotes and paraphrasing, if available. If there is no author, use the title of the work. If the author is not known but the organisation which produced the work is known, list the organisation as author.

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What is the difference between a Bibliography and a List of References? A bibliography is comprehensive, as it lists all the reading you did, including background reading. A list of references, on the other hand, contains only the works you have cited in the text of your assignment.

Using referenced quotes  

Use quotes wisely and don’t use too many – no more than 10% of the essay or report. Direct quotes (word for word) should be kept to a minimum.

Avoid making your essay/report just a chain of quotes, as this does not show any evidence that you have understood or evaluated what you have read.

Direct quotes (citations) 

Short quotes If the quotation is less than about thirty words, it should be contained within the text inside single quotation marks. For example: Cultural planning in regional communities is central to providing services other than roads, rates and rubbish. Academic and arts critic Drew Blundell claimed ‘a town without art is a place without heart’ (2009, p. 60).



Longer quotes Longer quotations should be set out as separate passages without quotation marks. The passage should be indented and typed in a smaller font or narrower line spacing than the rest of your text. For example: Many local government advocates believe that planning in regional communities is central to providing services other than roads, rates and rubbish. This strategy is supported by academic and art critic Drew Blundell who argues that Regional communities facing the challenges of shifting industries have the opportunity to revitalise and to tap into regional flagship programs if the community cultural programme continues. Bureaucrats bent on changing a successful program risk inflicting more harm on towns that are already hurting (2009, p. 13).

Please note that paraphrased information – ideas, concepts, thoughts and arguments from someone else that you have put in your own words - must also be referenced to acknowledge the source. For example: Regional cultural programs are critical to the health and wellbeing of a community (Blundell, 2009, pp. 13-17).

Reference to a general theme Page numbers are not included A recent study (Carlson 2015)……. Dipp (2017) obtained results which...

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Acceptable abbreviations in the reference list include: ch.

chapter

no.

number

edn

edition

p. (pp.)

page (pages)

ed. (eds)

editor (editors)

ser.

series

Ltd

Limited

suppl.

supplement

n.d.

no date

rev.

revised

n.p.

no place

vol. (vols)

volume (volumes)

Note that where an abbreviation ends with the last letter of the word, no full stop is required. Some other points to note: 

Book titles are italicised. Minimal capitalisation is recommended. Capitalise only the first word of the title and any proper nouns.



Journal titles are italicised. Maximal capitalisation is recommended. Capitalise all major words and any proper nouns. There is no comma or full stop between the authors' names and year of publication. Commas are used to separate all other elements. Give the journal name in full e.g. Journal of Immunology not J Immunol.



Reference entries always finish with a full stop.



Use angle brackets < > to contain web addresses.



Place of publication is entered as city only unless the location is ambiguous or obscure. Then a qualification of state or country is added.



Give the publisher as it appears in the item. Do not include the city or state if it is part of the publisher name.



No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication.



In-text citation of multiple authors, use ampersand - & - before last author surname if inside brackets. Use ‘and’ before last author surname if outside brackets.



A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique identifier with a more stable link than a URL to a publication such as a journal article. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate content. No concluding full stop is necessary following a DOI. “viewed”, “accessed” “retrieved from” “available from" are sometimes used interchangeably, but “viewed” is used in this document.



Before using this referencing style and guide, check for the style and guide preferred by your Course Coordinator. There are many variations of Harvard style. Take care that any citations generated by databases and programs such as Word are checked against this style guide. All TAFE student computers have Harvard AGPS citation generator added to Word. This is the closest match to this style guide. This guide is created and maintained by TAFE NSW Libraries. This guide is based on the Harvard style as set out in Snooks and Co. (rev.) 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Milton, Qld. Copies are available from many TAFE NSW libraries. For help, contact your TAFE NSW library. Contact: https://tafensw.libguides.com/contacts Research guide: https://tafensw.libguides.com/research

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Source

In-text referencing examples

Bibliography/ Reference list examples

Books Book - Single author

The assumption that a child’s personality is largely moulded by parental nurturing has been challenged (Homer 2003, p. 27).

Homer, OJ 2003, Contemporary Australian families, Odyssey Press, Melbourne.

OR Hopkin (2014 p. 31) describes the need for organisations to have consistent language around risk to enable applicable responses

Hopkin, P 2014, Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management, 3rd edn, Kogan Page, London.

OR It was argued by Shaw in 2007 (pp. 1-33) that parents do not mould the personality of their children to any significant extent

Shaw, G 2007, Healthy families, People’s Press, Prahran, Vic. • No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Books by multiple authors

It has been argued that early exposure to commercial television inhibits creativity in children (Black, Smith & Carver 2006, pp. 5963).

Black, B, Smith, H & Carver, L 2006, Idiot boxers?, Marigold Press, Melbourne.

OR Wilkinson, Blundell and Martin in 2010 (pp. 14-50), suggest that violence in the media desensitises audiences to real violence.

Wilkinson, K, Blundell, A & Martin, JM 2010, Violence in the media, Socialist Press, Sydney.

OR ‘Violence in cartoons can be harmful to toddlers...’ (Mason et al. 2009, p. 7).

Mason, J, Eddie, M, Corliss, H & Black, N 2009, Pacifism is primary, Spinifex Press, Honolulu.

• If more than three authors, list the first author’s name followed by et al.

• List names of all authors in bibliography/ reference list, even if more than three Author Surname, Initial(s), Author Surname, Initial(s) & Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, Publisher, Place of Publication.

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Source Two or more books -one year same author

In-text referencing examples Employers look for communication skills in all areas (Rushton 2007a, pp. 27-31).

Bibliography/ Reference list examples Rushton, L 2007a, Communicating culture, People’s Press, Lima. Rushton, L 2007b, Facilitating integrated learning , Waratah Press, Darwin.

• Add a lower case letter immediately after the year to identify the correct source

(Advertising in the Western Cape 2010, p. 14)

Advertising in the Western Cape 2010, ABC Publishers, Cape Town.

(Book title Year, page number)

Book title Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.

No date

Academic study is more challenging (Douglas n.d., p. 203) ...

Douglas, G n.d., Studying at university: a student guide, Waupub, Walcha, NSW.

Edited books

Climate change science is based on empirical evidence, not opinion (Parnaut 2011, p. 67)

Parnaut, H (ed.) 2011, Climate change conspiracy?, Phoenix House, Melbourne.

No author

• Refer to the editor (s) as if they were the author Book: Chapter, essay or article in an edited book or anthology (Compiled works)

Abbott (2010, p. 32) believes the horror film…

Abbott, S 2010, ‘High concept thrills and chills: the horror blockbuster’, in I Conrich (ed.), Horror zone: the cultural experience of contemporary horror cinema , I.B. Tauris, London, pp. 27–44.

Chapter Author(s) Surname (Year, page number) if applicable

• The entry in the reference list should appear under the name of the author of the chapter, not the editor(s) of the book

• Acknowledge author of the chapter or article. Do this also for sections of books, eg prefaces, forewords and introductions

• Include the name(s) of the editor(s) after the title of the chapter – note that initials in this position appear before the family name

• In text, cite the specific item that you use. The details of the book it was published in are listed in the reference list

• Provide the page numbers of the entire chapter Chapter Author(s) Surname, Initial(s) Year, 'Article or Chapter title', in Editor Initial(s) Surname (ed./eds), Book title: subtitle, Publisher, Place of Publication, page numbers of chapter.

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Source

In-text referencing examples

Bibliography/ Reference list examples

Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Translated books Encyclopedias

In m-commerce the token can be a symbol string …. (Khashchanskiy & Kustov 2007).

Khashchanskiy, V & Kustov, A 2007, 'Acoustic data communication with mobile devices' in D Taniar (ed.), Encyclopedia of mobile computing and commerce, doi: 10.4018/978-159904-002-8

• If quoting from an encyclopedia, use page numbers if in print; if online use the method for quoting from an online book

• Include encyclopedia sources in the reference list only where the author is identified for individual entries

• Where the author is identified for entries in print or online encyclopedias, provide the author and year as for other authored sources

• The web address should be the main website address, not the address of the particular entry you looked up • As with an online book, omit publisher and place of publication details

Author Surname, Initials Year, 'Title of entry', in Editor Initial(s) Surname(s) (ed./eds), Title of encyclopedia, DOI or viewed Day Month Year, Database or .

Dictionaries

The Macquarie dictionary (2005) defines political correctness as.. • Cite dictionaries in text by title (as per books with No Author); however, no entry in the reference list is required

Translated book

Popowski’s (1796) work provides an approach to the subject that was widely popular at the time.

Popowski, E 1796, The coming of age: a discussion of rites of passage, trans. S Muller, Phoenix Press, Baulkham Hills, NSW. Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Book title, trans. Translator Initial(s) Surname, Publisher, Place of Publication.

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Source

In-text referencing examples

Bibliography/ Reference list examples

Secondary sources, citing multiple sources, Corporate author When one author refers to another (secondary source)

Citing multiple sources simultaneously in a sentence

Ocean acidity is rising (Brown cited in Jones 2010, p.4). OR Brown (quoted in Jones 2010, p. 34) suggests that ‘acidity levels.. • Name the original author, then the author of the secondary publication which cites the original (primary) source • Use “cited in” when info about the original source is paraphrased and mentioned in the secondary source • Use “quoted” when the secondary source includes a quote from the original source/study

Jones, G 2010, Ocean acidity , Teatree Press, Darwin.

For Flower et al. (1990); Mateos & Solé (2009); McGinley (1992) and Spivey (1997) academic reading often involves…

Flower, L, Stein, V, Ackerman, J, Kantz, MJ, McCormick, K & Peck, WC 1990, Reading to write, Oxford University Press, New York.

OR Synthesising requires making decisions about organising the material from multiple sources (Flower et al. 1990; Mateos & Solé 2009; McGinley 1992; Spivey 1997).

Mateos, M & Solé, I 2009, 'Synthesising information from various texts: a study of procedures and products at different educational levels', European Journal of Psychology of Education, vol. 24, pp. 435-451.

•When quoting, for clarity quote sources ...