Health alterations- neoplasms and cancer- sherpath PDF

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Health alterations- neoplasms and cancer- sherpath...

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What is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called? ○ Lipoma What are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells called? ○ Sarcomas Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor? ○ Cells appear relatively normal. Which factor provides the basis for the grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors? ○ Degree of differentiation of the cells A warning sign of possible cancer would be any of the following EXCEPT ○ sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea. The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include: ○ obstruction of a tube or duct. ○ cell necrosis and ulceration. Which of the following does paraneoplastic syndrome refer to? ○ The effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites? ○ Metastasis One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to: ○ determine the best treatment and prognosis The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with: ○ an irreversible change in the cell DNA What would be an external source of ionizing radiation? ○ Gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine Radiation therapy destroys: ○ primarily rapidly dividing cells. The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are ○ thrombocytopenia and leucopenia. Chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to: ○ reduce the adverse effects. ○ be effective in more phases of the cell cycle Why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis ○ Specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors have developed. Select the correct pair representing a malignant tumor and its marker: ○ colon cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Antiangiogenesis drugs act on a malignant tumor by: ○ reducing blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells. The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means: ○ the patient is at high risk for infection.

● Malignant brain tumors: ○ spread to other parts of CNS ● Identify the common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy ○ Bone marrow depression ● Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because ○ inflammation around the tumor may be reduced. ● Vomiting frequently follows a chemotherapy treatment because: ○ the gastrointestinal tract is irritated. ○ the chemicals stimulate the emetic center. ● What type of normal cells are often damaged during chemotherapy and radiation treatments? ○ Epithelial cells ● Remission for cancer is generally defined as a period in which ○ signs and symptoms are absent. ● All of the following are correct statements about skin cancers EXCEPT ○ They are difficult to diagnose and treat ● High risk factors for cancer include ○ human papilloma virus. ○ chronic irritation and inflammation. ○ repeated sun exposure. ○ high family incidence. ○ (All 4) ● The term apoptosis refers to: ○ programmed cell death ● The warning signs for cancer include: ○ unusual bleeding. ○ change in a wart or mole (e.g., color) ○ a new solid lump, often painless. ○ (All the above) ● A classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describes the extent of the disease at a given time is called: ○ Staging ● Benign tumors can often be differentiated from malignant tumors because benign tumors: ○ are encapsulated and slow-growing. ● Benign tumors in the brain are often life-threatening because they: ○ create excessive pressure within the skull ● Drugs or agents that augment the natural immune response in the body to improve identification and removal of abnormal cells are called:

○ biological response modifiers ● The method that can be used as an alternative to surgical removal of a tumor by using heat generated by a needle inserted into the tumor is referred to as: ○ radiofrequency ablation. ● Staging systems used to classify a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis are based on which of the following factors? ○ Size of the tumor, involvement of lymph nodes, metastases ● One of the general effects of a malignant cancer is cachexia, which is: ○ severe tissue wasting....