Health and Human development chapter 1 - 3 PDF

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Summary notes for chapters one to three. They give simple information about the chpaters. easy to learn and memorize for your next year 11 sac...

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HHD NOTES

Chapter 1 

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Health and wellbeing is the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged. Equilibrium is a state of balance and/or calmness Spiritual health and wellbeing relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world. - Optimal health: a sense of belonging, peace and harmony and developed personal beliefs and values. Social health and wellbeing relate to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. - Optimal health: productive relationships, supportive network of friends and effective communication. Physical health and wellbeing relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities. - Optimal health: strong immune system, healthy body weight and adequate energy levels. Mental health and wellbeing is the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. - Optimal health: low levels of stress and anxiety, high levels of confidence and process information to solve problems. Emotional health and wellbeing relates to the ability to express emotions and feelings in a positive way. - Optimal health: have a high level of resilience, experience appropriate emotions in different scenarios and recognise and understand the range of emotions. Subjective is influenced by or based on personal beliefs, feelings and opinions. The five dimensions of health and wellbeing are interrelated; that is, they all affect each other. Although they will not all be affected in the same way or to the same degree, a change in one will usually have some effect on the other four.

Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource individually: optimal health and wellbeing increases the ability of individuals to live free from pain and concentrate on activities that improve their lives, such as studying, working and socialising. - Benefits: work productivity, gain an education and spend time with friends. Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource nationally: optimal health and wellbeing has a number of social and economic benefits for a countries population as a whole.

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- Benefits: longer and healthier lives, health system savings and increased productivity. Importance of health and wellbeing as a resource globally: optimal health and wellbeing can reduce the risk of infectious or communicable diseases spreading between countries. Populations experiencing good health are more likely to work – benefitting themselves and the planet. - Benefits: promotes sustainability, promotes economic development and reduces risk of disease transmission between countries. The prerequisites for health under the Ottawa Charter are: - Peace - Shelter - Education - Food - Income - Stable ecosystem - Sustainable resources - Social justice - Equity Peace: a peaceful environment means people are able to go about their daily lives without fear of attack or disturbance. Shelter: shelter provides people to get protected from the elements. It decrease the likelihood of developing illness and contracting communicable diseases, such as influenza. Education: provides individuals and populations with greater knowledge of the actions they can take to achieve good health. Education can also command activity; individuals form relationships with each other’ allowing them to develop a sense of belonging to a community. Food: access to food provides individuals with nutrients and energy required for bodily function and participation in daily life. It can also act as an opportunity for groups to converge and discuss recent events. Income: income allows people to afford resources that can promote health. Individuals can afford food, clear ware and basic healthcare with income. Without it individuals are likely to become anxious about how they are going to provide for themselves and their families, it also allows the purchase of other prerequisites such as shelter and education. Stable eco-system: is a community that consists of all the living and non-living components of a particular area. Maintaining a balance between individuals and their impact on the environment can help decrease the likelihood of disastrous global weather events caused by human action. Therefore, a stable eco-system may prevent much of the injury, death and destruction of infrastructure associated with natural disasters. Sustainable resources: defined by the United Nations as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. Social justice: It means that all people are treated fairly, in both their public and private life, it includes economic justice, and includes celebrating diversity and improving the health and wellbeing of all people. Equity: equity means that there are minimum levels of income and resources that all people should have access to. All people in the community should have access to fundamental resources, governments should implement laws and policies that ensure that no person is disadvantaged in their ability to access such resources.

Chapter 2       

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Health status: an individuals or a populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors. Health indicators: standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status. Self-assessed health status: an individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general. Life expectancy: the number of years of life, on average, remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change. The most commonly used measure is life expectancy at birth. Health-adjusted life expectancy: the average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury. Mortality: refers to the number of deaths in a population in a given period (usually 12 months). The mortality rate is therefore the number of deaths, usually expressed per 1000 or 100,000 people in a 12-month period, from a specific cause or all causes. For example, if the mortality rate for cancer in a population of one million is 50 per 100,000, there would be approximately 500 cancer deaths during that year. Mortality data can also be collected for particular ages or population groups: - Infant mortality rates: measures the rate of deaths of infants before their first birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births. - Under five mortality rates: measures the number of children that die before their fifth birthday, usually expressed per 1000 live births. - Maternal mortality ratio: the number of mothers who die as a result of pregnancy, child birth or associated treatment per 100,000 live births. Morbidity: refers to ill health in an individual and levels of ill health within a population (often expressed through incidence, prevalence) As stated in the AIHW definition, morbidity rates can look at incidence (the number or rate of new cases of a disease during a specified time, usually a 12 month period) or prevalence (the number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time). The rate of hospitalisation in Australia is 11 million: - Where? 695 public hospitals and 630 private hospitals - Who? 53% are females, 5% were for indigenous Australians, 42% were for people ages over 65 and people living in very remote areas were 1.9 times more likely to be hospitalised. - What care was provided? 1 in 4 hospitalisations involved a surgical procedure, 28% were emergency admissions, 159,000 hospitalisations involved a stay in intensive care, 1.4 million hospitalisations for dialysis and 60% same-day hospitalisations (vs overnight hospitalisation). Burden disease is a measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY. Disability-adjusted life year is calculated by adding years of life lost due to premature death and the number of years lost due to disability, illness or injury.

Years of life lost (YLL): a measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death. Years lost due to disability (YLD): a measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to diseases, injury or disability.

Chapter 3 Factors that influence health:    

Smoking Alcohol High body mass index Dietary risks

Smoking  

Smoking is a practice in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Effects of smoking: - Cardiovascular disease (tobacco reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood, contributing to increased blood pressure and heart rate. Chemicals in tobacco also thicken the blood, making it sticky and more likely to form blood clots, blocks the vessels and restrict blood flow) - Many forms of cancer including lung, mouth and stomach cancer - Prenatal and infant health outcomes – low birth weight, increased risk of infectious diseases and premature death. - Respiratory conditions (for example, emphysema and asthma) - Increased risk of infection

Alcohol  

Alcohol misuse relates to the excessive consumption of alcohol and includes alcoholism and binge drinking. Effects of alcohol: - High body mass index and associated impacts including cardiovascular disease - Cancer - Liver disease (including cirrhosis) - Injuries including self – harm - Mental health issues - Prenatal/infant health outcomes including foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), premature birth and low birth weight.

High body mass index  

Body mass relates to the amount of body weight an individual is carrying. Effects of body mass index: - Cardiovascular disease - Some cancers - Type 2 diabetes - Chronic kidney disease - Arthritis and osteoporosis - Asthma - Mental health issues - Maternal health conditions

Dietary Risks -

Dietary risks include: the under consumption of vegetables, fruit and dairy foods Vegetables are nutrient dense. They are high in minerals and vitamins...