Historical Analysis Essay Final Project PDF

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School Desegregation in Boston

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Nuria Buis HIS 200: Applied History Southern New Hampshire University June 28, 2020

School Desegregation in Boston

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One of the focuses of the Civil Rights movement was securing equality in education to students. In the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled segregation was not legal in public schools. The implementation was not strictly enforced following the courts ruling. Despite the Supreme Court’s ruling, schools were still racially imbalanced. In 1974, Boston soon had the national attention following one of the Federal Judges ruled the Boston Schools were in violation of the 14th Amendment after discovering many of the schools were racially segregated. Boston’s protest and violent riots exposed much of the racial division that existed in suburban neighborhoods after Federal Judge Authur Garrity ordered Boston public schools to begin the busing of students to different schools to integrate desegregation. The integration of race in schools was what soon became the start of equality for children. Judge W. Author Garrity order requiring the school board supply busing of students to alternate schools to ensure equal and adequate education. Immense amount of tension in neighborhoods with large protest and riots. School enrollment in the school district dropped significantly over the duration of twenty years eventually changing the district lines in accordance to location not race. Demographics in the schools shifted following the 1954 Supreme court’s ruling of de facto Segregation being unlawful and unconstitutional. White families began moving from communities of African American families in response to the ruling. Neighborhoods in Boston soon had an increase of African American families than white resulting to an imbalance of demographics. Quality of the public schools in those area’s also dropped effecting the classroom and resources. School board committees refused to acknowledge segregation in the classrooms which soon lead to an investigation as families protested.

School Desegregation in Boston

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In 1974 Federal Court Judge W. Arthur Garrity recognized that in fact the Public Schools in Boston was unconstitutionally segregated, ruling the schools to implement a mandatory busing plan of students and be transported amongst the wealthy and poorest segregated neighborhoods in Boston in attempt to desegregate and provide equal education opportunities. This soon prompted a violent and public controversy across the nations effecting young students to be assaulted on their way to school. Vicious attacks of students escalated quickly as anti- bussers were attacking African American students, stoning their buses when being transported. De facto segregation was seen more as families were fearing for their safety as well as white families were avoiding having to send their kids to school with children of color. The impact of the Judges orders had set off larger protest and riots who were against the busing. Families withdrew their kids to avoid them attending schools with mixed races. Boston dropout rates fell below the national average. There were concerns of the possibility of “white flight”, white families moving out of a mixed racial neighborhood to a predominantly white one. The Mayor of Boston soon abolished the elected school board committee who opposed the desegregation of schools then appointing new individuals. Judge Garrity’s bussing mandate goal was securing equal justice to all students regardless of race. His ruling aligned with the 1954, Brown v. the Board of Education. The difficult task was the implementation of desegregation which created more tension and eventually what is known as the “white flight”, white families who were defiant to the order, moved their families to different residential areas. In order to achieve desegregation, it was necessary for Judge Garrity to enforce the busing crisis despite resistance and protest. The original school committee demonstrated societies effort to continue segregation if the mandate was not placed.

School Desegregation in Boston

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-Delmont, M. (2019, June 28). The Lasting Legacy of the Busing Crisis. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/03/the-boston-busing-crisis-was-neverintended-to-work/474264/ -Kerry Dunne, (2016) Busing & Beyond: School Desegregation in Boston. Retrieved from the Digital Public Library of America. Retrieved from: https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/busingbeyond-school-desegregation-in-boston/additional-resources#tabs -Freedom House Institute, “Freedom House Institute on Schools and Education booklet, ‘Boston Desegregation: Questions and Answers’,” Digital Public Library of America. Retrieved from: https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/busing-beyond-school-desegregation-in-boston/sources/881 - “Letter from the Massachusetts Black Caucus to Judge W. Arthur Garrity, Jr.,” Digital Public Library of America. Retrieved from: https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/busing-beyond-schooldesegregation-in-boston/sources/880

In-text: (“17 Rules of Email Etiquette You Need to Know | Inc.com”, n.d.) Your bibliography: 17 Rules of Email Etiquette You Need to Know | Inc.com. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://www.inc.com/business-insider/17-email-etiquette-rules-professionals-should-know.html

In-text: (“Effective Business Email Etiquette”, n.d.) Your bibliography: Effective Business Email Etiquette. Retrieved July 16, 2020, from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/effective-business-email-etiquette-2533710 Budgets can be useful tools for planning and control, but they can also present challenges for many managers and spur unintended negative consequences. Some companies have begun exploring alternatives to traditional master budgeting. The chapters in your textbook provide a

School Desegregation in Boston

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thorough examination of both the benefits and challenges of budgeting, while the article Budgets Don't Work: Here's How Businesses Can Do It Differently points out some problems caused by traditional budgeting practices and offers an alternative approach. For this discussion, carefully review each resource and provide a thorough assessment of the benefits and drawbacks of traditional budgeting practices. Explain whether you support a company's use of a traditional budget or recommend an alternative approach. Support your viewpoint by directly citing from your learning resources and any other resources you choose to use....