History and Language in the Andes PDF

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Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine thc Future, 1900-1930 By Nicola Miller The Republiean Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W Bmh By Andrew Wroe History and Lan guage in The Politieal Eeonomy of Hemispherie Integration: Responding to Globalizati...

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Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine thc Future, 1900-1930 By Nicola Miller The Republiean Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W Bmh By Andrew Wroe The Politieal Eeonomy of Hemispherie Integration: Responding to Globalization in the Amerieas Edited by Diego Sanchez-Ancocheaand Kenneth C. Shadlen

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palgrave macmillan

HISTORY AND LANG UAGE IN THE ANDES

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Copyright © Paul Heggarty and Adrian J. Pearce, 2011 . All rights reserved. First published in 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN ® in the United States-a div ision of 5t. Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macm illan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and rep resentatives th roughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the Un ited States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978-0-230-10014-5 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data History and language in the Andes / edited by Pau l Heggarty and Adrian 1. Pearce. p. cm.-(Studies of the Americas) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-230-10014-5 (hardback) 1. Indians of South America-Andes Region-Languages. 2. Language and languages-Andes Region. 3. Linguistic geography-Andes RegionHistory. 4. Quechua language-H istory. 5. Aymara language-H istory. 6. Andes Region-Languages. I. Heggarty, Paut, 1967-11. Pearce, Adrian J. PM5100.H572011 498-dc22

2011014997

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: November 2011 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America.

Adrian dedicates this book to the Tansley family: Katherine) Robert) Lucy) Eddie) and Marmy

Contents

List of Figures and Tables

IX

Note on Contributors

Xl

Acknowledgments

XV

A Note on Spellings ofTerms in Indigenous Languages Introduction History, Linguistics, and the Andean Past: A Much-Needed Conversation Adrian J Pearce and Paul Heggarty

Part I

xvii

1

The Colonial Era

Chapter 1 Language and Society in Early Colonial Peru Gabriela Ramos Chapter 2 A Visit to the Children of Chaupi Namca: From Myth to History via Onomastics and Demography Frank Salomon and Sue Grosboll Chapter 3 What Was the Lengua General of Colonial Peru? Cesar Itier Chapter 4 "Mining the Data" on the Huancayo-Huancavelica Quechua Frontier Adrian J Pearce and Paul Heggarty

19

39

63

87

viii

CONTENTS

Part II

Reform, Independence, and the Early Republic

Chapter 5 The Bourbon Reforms, Independence, and the Spread of Quechua and Aymara Kenneth J Andrien Chapter 6 Reindigenisation and Native Languages in Peru's Long Nineteenth Century (1795-1940) Adrian J Pearce Chapter 7 Quechua Political Literature in Early Republican Peru (1810- 1876) Alan Durston

Part III

135 Figures

165

Chapter 9 ('Ya No Podemos Regresar al Quechua": Modernity, Identity, and Language Choice among Migrants in Urban Peru Tim Marr

0.1 4.1

Towards Present and Future

Chapter 8 The Quechua Language in the Andes Today: Between Statistics, the State, and Daily Life Rosaleen Howard

Figures and Tables

113

4.2 189 4.3

215

239

Bibliography

243

Index

263

16

The Quechua "family tree"- as per the traditional classification

90

Schematic representation ofhow a dialect continuum arises through cross-cutting language changes

92

The nine main provinces obligated to the Huancavelica draft

106

Tables

2.1 Glossary

Present-day distribution of the two major language families of the Andes: Quechua and Aymara

2 .2 4.1 8.1 8.2 8.3

The Ayllus of Sisicaya and Their Tributary Populations, 1579 and 1588

45

Incidence of the birth-order onomasticon by sex among living persons in Sisicaya in 1588

52

Traditional linguistic criteria for the QI-QII "split"

90

Quechua speaking populations by country based on latest available census data

192

Peru: Population over 5 years of age according to language learned in childhood

192

Department of Cuzco, Peru. Numbers of speakers by language above 5 years of age

193

x 8.4 8.5 8.6

FIGURES AND TABLES

Department of Huanuco, Peru. Numbers of speakers by language above 5 years of age

194

Evolution ofBolivian population by languages spoken, 1976-2001

194

Linguistic evolution by type of language spoken, Bolivia, 1976-2001

195

Contributors

Kenneth]. Andrien is Humanities Distinguished Professor in History at the Ohio State University. He received his B.A. at Trinity College and his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Duke University. He has written or edited several books and numerous articles dealing with Colonial Latin America, focusing primarily on the Andean region. He is currently completing a book (with Allan Kuethe of Texas Tech University) entitled War and Reform in the Spanish Atlantic World, 1700-1796, and another book-length study on church-state relations in Bourbon Peru. Alan Durston is an associate professor in the History Department at York University in Toronto, where he teaches Latin American history. His research focuses on the history of Quechua as a written language and on the discourses and politics surrounding Quechua in colonial and modern Peru. H e is the author of Pastoral Quechua: the History of Christian Translation in Colonial Peru, 1550-1650 (University of Notre Dame Press, 2007). His current research concerns the place of Quechua letters in nation-building and modernization processes in twentieth-century Peru. Sue Grosboll is the director of the University of Northern Iowa Museums and adjunct professor of archaeology at UNI. Her archaeological research within the Andes has focused on the correlation of architectural remains with early colonial documentation . Using various sixteenth-century visitas, her studies have analyzed the demographie changes that occurred during the late prehistoric and early colonial periods and the cultural impact of those changes. Paul Heggarty is a researcher in the Linguistics Department of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. His fOClls is on language h istory and prehistory, aiming to ensure that the perspective from linguistics is better understood

xii

x iii

CONTR IB UTORS

CONTRIBUTORS

outside that field, to contribute towards a more coherent, crossdisciplinary vision of the human past. To that end he works dosely with historians, archaeologists, and geneticists. Within interests that range worldwide, his specialism is in the indigenous languages of the Andes, particularly the divergence history of the Quechua and Aymara families. He was the lead convener of the series of interdisciplinary conferences on the Andean past that led to this volume, and its companion on the pre-Columbian period, Archaeologyand Language in the Andes, co-edited with Andean archaeologist David Beresford-Jones (British AcademyjOxford University Press).

Adrian J. Pearce is a historian of Latin America, with research interests principally in the political, economic, and cultural history of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . He was co-organizer, with Paul Heggarty, ofthe symposium from which this volume originated, held at the Institute for the Study of the Americas in London in September 2008. He is currently completing a boole on Spanish imperial policies in the viceroyalty of Peru during the early eighteenth century, while his new project looks at the phenomenon of reindigenization in the nineteenth-century Andes . He teaches at King's College, London, in both the Department of History and the Department of Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin American Studies.

Rosaleen Howard, chair of Hispanic Studies in the School of Modern Languages at Newcastle University, is a sociolinguist who wor!es on Quechua-speaking areas ofEcuador, Peru, and Bolivia. She has published widely on Quechua language and oral culture; multilingualism, language and identity; language, education, and indigenous social movements; and other topics. Her most recent book is Por los linderos de la lengua. Ideologias lingüisticas en los Andes (Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima, 2007). She is currently working on a British Academy Latin AmericanjCaribbean Link project on "Paradigms of Cultural Diversity and Social Cohesion," looking at language and education rights, policy, and planning for indigenous populations in the Andes and Mexico. Cesar Itier is a philologist and specialist in the Quechua language, which he teaches at the I nstitut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO) in Paris. At the intersection of linguistics, history, and ethnology, his research focuses on oral and written literature in Quechua, as weIl as on the internal and external history of the language from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. Among his most notable worles are a study of modern Quechua theatre in Cuzco, in two volumes (EI teatro quechua en el Cuzco, 1995 and 2000), another on the oralliterature of the Cuzco region (EI hijo dei oso. La literatura oral quechua de la region del Cuzco, 2007), an edit ion, translation, and study of a seventeenth-century Quechua play (EI robo de Proserpina y sueno de Endimi6n by Juan de Espinosa Medrano, Lima, 2010) and a Quechua-French dictionary (Paris, 2011). Tim Marr is a sociolinguist with a particular interest in language use in Peru; he lived in Lima forseveral years . He is currently Principal LectUl'er in Applied Linguistics at London Metropolitan University, where he teaches mainly postgraduate courses in sociolinguistics.

Gabriela Ramos is a lecturer in Latin American History at the University of Cambridge . She is the author of Death and Conversion in the Andes: Lima and Cuzco, 1532-1670 (2010) . Frank Salomon is the John V. Murra Professor of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. An ethnographer and ethnohistorian of the Andes, he is the author of Native Lords of Quito in the Age ofthe Incas (1986), The Huarochiri Manuscript, a Testament of Ancient and Colonial Andean Religion (1991), the Cambridge History ofthe Native Peoples ofthe Americas-South America (1999), and the Cord Keepers (2004) as well as artides on indigenous media and language induding "Names and Peoples in Post-Incaic Quito" (1986). His current researches concern the survival into modernity of the Andean knotted -cord script, the quipu (or more correctly, in Quechua khipu) ....