History Of Architecture -III Islamic & Colonial Architecture PDF

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DAYANAD SAGAR ACADAMY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT Bangalore 560082 Architecture is a product of culture, history, science, technology, economics, society, religion, and state Course material for ARC 4.4 For B.Arch Course under Visvesvaraya Technological University Belgaum History Of Architecture ...

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DAYANAD SAGAR ACADAMY OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT Bangalore 560082 Architecture is a product of culture, history, science, technology, economics, society, religion, and state

Course material for ARC 4.4 For B.Arch Course under Visvesvaraya Technological University Belgaum

History Of Architecture –III Islamic & Colonial Architecture

By Prof K.S.Mukunda. DSATM Bangalore 1

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1. Glossery of terms used in Muslim Architecture: 2. Evolution of Islamic Architecture in India during 11th Century AD. 3. Types f Buildings built by Muslims 4. History of Imperial Style Period & Moghul period 5. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (built 1192-1316) 6. The Qutub Minar, 7. Octagonal & square tombs ; Tomb of ghias ud-in toghlaq; Khirki Masjid 8. Tomb of Firoz Shah Tughlaq and Sheesh Gumbad 9. Atala Masjid Jaunpur 1408 10. Ahmedabad Jama Masjid ` 11. Moghul period art & architecture 12. Agra Fort & Itmad-ud-daula 13. Taj Mahal. 14. Fatepur sikri, Mosque, Tomb of Salim chisti Buland Darwaza, Palace , Panch mahal Diwan I-am etc

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15. British Architecture in India ( 1757 to 1947)

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Glossery of terms used in Muslim Architecture: • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Salat or namaz (prayer): Is the ritual of symbolically facing toward God and declaring in recitation and in an elaborate series of bending, prostrating and genuflection the submission to Him. Mihrab: A wall recess, mostly in the form of arched niche, in the Qibla wall, indicating the position of the prayer-leader facing the direction toward Mecca. Minbar: The pulpit, mostly made of wood, put in a mosque near its mihrab, upon which the prayer-leader stands when he gives the congregational prayer's sermon on Fridays and in holidays. Minaret: A tall slender tower, circular or square in section, built next or in a mosque, from which the Muslims are called to prayer. Mosques may have one, two, three, four, and up to six minarets. Ablution Fountain: A feature frequently but not always encountered in mosques. It is usually put in the center of the mosque's courtyard for the worshipers to perform their ritual washing before prayer. The Hypostyle Mosque: Mosque in which the prayer hall is formed of rows of vertical supports, or columns, that can multiply indefinitely. Dominant type in the early period. The Iwan Mosque: Mosque in which the prayer hall is an iwan, or more, up to four iwans, surrounding a courtyard. It was the most popular type in the medieval period, and remained dominant in Iran. The Central-Dome Mosque: Mosque in which the prayer hall's space is dominated by a central dome surrounded by smaller and lower semi-domes. It was introduced by the Ottomans in the 15th century Pietra Dura: Semi-precious stone (lapis, onyx, jasper, topaz, and cornelian) inlays in marble following geometric or floral designs. Chatri: (originally Persian for umbrella) A small, vaulted pavilion used in India mostly in the articulation of roofs' corners. Trabeate Architecture: The characteristic architectural principle of Hindu India based on the post-and-lintel system, mostly done in stone, and related stylistically and decoratively to carved wood architecture. Arcuate Architecture: The contrasting architectural principle based mostly on vaults, arches, and domes, executed in brick. It is generally attributed to Mesopotamia and Persia, and seen as the Islamic style brought to India with the invading Turkish armies Chahar Bagh: (Persian, four gardens) Quadripartite garden enclosure with a cruciform plan. Hazira or Rawda: (Arabic) terms used in the Mughal period to designate a tomb or a mausoleum. The origionial meaning of the former is "enclosure", the latter "garden." This suggests the garden origin of tomb-gardens.

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Dargah: A Persian term for entrance vestibule, it became an important element in Timurid architecture and developed into monumental proportions along very symmetrical lines. Iwan the iwan entrance to the Taj Mahal in Agra An iwan is defined as a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. Iwans were a trademark of the Sassanid architecture of Persia, later finding their way into Islamic architecture. This transition reached its peak during the Seljuki era when iwans became established as a fundamental design unit in Islamic architecture. Typically, iwans open on to a central courtyard, and have been used in both public and residential architecture. Sahn A simple Sahn, with a howz in the middle. Notice flanking domed arcade. Almost every mosque and traditionally all houses and buildings in areas of the Arab World contain a courtyard known as a sahn which are surrounded on all sides by rooms and sometimes an arcade. Sahns usually feature a centrally positioned pool known as a howz. Calligraphy Arabic calligraphy is associated with geometric Islamic art (the Arabesque) on the walls and ceilings of mosques as well as on the page. Contemporary artists in the Islamic world draw on the heritage of calligraphy to use calligraphic inscriptions or abstractions in their work. Arabic Calligraphy on large pishtaq of the Taj Mahal Arabesque: French word used for Muslim art style based on the use of interlacing plant motif with leaves and tendrils. Diwan: It is a government office where the governor (ruler) sets receptions for the population. It may also means the room where the ruler meets his council to discuss the affairs of the state. Hammam: Bath house for public use, male at certain times and female at other times. Madrassa: A theological school consisting of a Mosque for regular prayers and study rooms. Mahal: A Mogul Palace. Masjid: A small mosque used locally for five daily prayers. Mausoleum: Structure accommodating a tomb of an important person. Muqranna: Also called stalactite or honeycomb, a decorative pattern consisting of small niches arranged like honeycomb and made mostly from plaster for internal treatment of curved surface especially in transitional zones between domes and their supports. A jharokha (or jharoka) is a type of overhanging enclosed balcony used in Indian architecture, typically Mughal architecture and Rajasthani architecture. Jharokhas jutting forward from the wall plane could be used both for adding to the architectural beauty of the building itself or for a specific purpose. One of the most important functions it served was to allow women in purdah to see the events outside without being seen themselves. Alternatively, these windows could also be used to position archers and spies.

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Evolution of Islamic Architecture in India during 11th Century AD. Muslim architecture attests to the high level of power and sophistication that the Muslim community had reached at a time when Europe was living in the dark ages. Throughout the Muslim World, the search for knowledge and science was undertaken in an effort to improve society as a form of worship. The formative period of Islam is characterized by the foundation of Muslim Caliphate (state) and the establishment of the congregational mosque. This period witnessed the introduction of a number of design principles and rules. After the death of Prophet Muhammad The development of medicine, the construction and provision of hospitals, the building of hundreds of libraries and schools, the planting of beautiful gardens and green parks, and so much else, made the Muslim World an oasis of light in a dark surrounding. Islam's stress on excellence and its search for perfection was crucial to the progress of its civilization. Hordes of Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Afghans who had been successively inspired by the Theology of Islam poured in, in wave after wave, carrying fire and sword to every nook and corner of this vast area INDIA.

Islamic elements of architecture had already passed through different experimental phases in other countries like Egypt, Iran and Iraq before these were introduced in India. Unlike most Islamic monuments of these countries, which were largely constructed in brick, plaster and rubble, the Indo-Islamic monuments were typical mortar-masonry works formed of dressed stones. Islamic rule in India During 11th century & towards the end of the 12th century AD introduced New elements into the Indian architecture that include: use of shapes (instead of natural forms); inscriptional art using decorative lettering or calligraphy; inlay decoration and use of colored marble, painted plaster and brilliantly glazed tiles. In contrast to the indigenous Indian architecture which was of the trabeate order i.e. all spaces were spanned by means of horizontal beams, the Islamic architecture was arcuate i.e. an arch or dome was adopted as a method of bridging a space. The concept of arch or dome was not invented by the Muslims but was, in fact, borrowed and was further perfected by them from the architectural styles of the post-Roman period. The Muslims used the cementing agent in the form of mortar for the first time in the construction of buildings in India. They further put to use certain scientific and mechanical formulae, which were derived by experience of other civilizations, in their constructions in India. Such use of scientific principles helped not only in obtaining greater strength and stability of the construction materials but also provided greater flexibility to the architects and builders. It must be emphasized that the development of the Indo-Islamic architecture was greatly facilitated by the knowledge and skill possessed by the Indian craftsmen, who had mastered the art of stonework for centuries and used their experience while constructing Islamic monuments in India. The Islamic architecture in India can be divided into religious and secular. Mosques and Tombs represent the religious architecture, while palaces and forts are examples of secular Islamic architecture. Forts were essentially functional, complete with a little township within and various fortifications to engage and repel the enemy. “ Islam is a complete way of life, not a Sunday religion"- Islam, by making self-improvement of the individual and the betterment of society part of religious duty, inspired individuals in a multitude of ways, above all in the search for knowledge. Throughout the Muslim World, the search for knowledge and science was undertaken in an effort to improve society as a form of worship.

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Types f Buildings built by Muslims • •

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Mosques:What are the essential elements for Mosques? Basically there are four elements. The mosque or masjid is a representation of Muslim art in its simplest form. The mosque is basically an open courtyard surrounded by a pillared verandah, crowned off with a dome. A mihrab indicates the direction of the qibla for prayer. Towards the right of the mihrab stands the mimbar or pulpit from where the Imam presides over the proceedings. An elevated platform, usually a minaret from where the Faithful are summoned to attend the prayers is an invariable part of a mosque. Large mosques where the faithful assemble for the Friday prayers are called the Jama Masjids. there are also entrance gates, courtyards, fountains for ablution, roofs to block sunlight, and so on. Islamic ornamentation is fascinating. What kinds of ornaments are there? There are principally three categories, whatever they may be mosaics, stucco, woodcarvings, or stone carvings. That is, geometric pattern, foliage or floral pattern, and calligraphy as art of writing. Since idol worship is strictly inhibited, there are no figurative sculptures or paintings of creatures. Strictly speaking, there were figural arts in the early stage including Umayyad Mosque in Damascus that has mosaics depicting landscapes of trees and buildings, nevertheless no humans or God figures.

Tombs: Although not actually religious in nature, the tomb or maqbara introduced an entirely new architectural concept. While the masjid was mainly known for its simplicity, a tomb could range from being a simple affair (Aurangazeb’s grave) to an awesome structure enveloped in grandeur (Taj Mahal). The tomb usually consists of solitary compartment or tomb chamber known as the huzrah in whose centre is the cenotaph or zarih. This entire structure is covered with an elaborate dome. In the underground chamber lies the mortuary or the maqbara, in which the corpse is buried in a grave or qabr. Smaller tombs may have a mihrab, although larger mausoleums have a separate mosque located separately from the main tomb. Normally the whole tomb complex or rauza is surrounded by an enclosure. The tomb of a Muslim saint is called a dargah. Almost all Islamic monuments were subjected to free use of verses from the Holy Koran and a great amount of time was spent in carving out minute details on walls, ceilings, pillars and domes.

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Imperial Style

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The Delhi or the Imperial Style of Indo-Islamic architecture flourished between 1191-1557 AD and covered Muslim dynasties viz., Slave (11911246), Khilji (1290-1320), Tughlaq (1320-1413), Sayyid (1414-1444) and Lodi (1451-1557). The first Islamic sultanate structures were built of disparate dismantled pieces of Hindu temples, after which came an era of carefully planned structures and precincts, later assimilating and incorporating Hindu elements and workmanship. The earliest construction work of this period was began by Qutubuddin Aibak, who started erecting monumental buildings of stone on Qila Rai Pithora, the first of the seven historical cities of Delhi associated with Prithviraj Chauhan. The Qutb Mosque (1192 AD) is one such building, whose arcaded aisles were composed of pillars carved in the Hindu style. Named as the Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid, it is considered as the earliest mosque in India. The mosque has beautiful Islamic calligraphy, the arabesque designs and pillars with pre-Islamic Hindu motifs. Aibak got a series of arches constructed to screen the Hindu pillars of the sanctuary. Qutub-ud-din Aibak also started the construction of Qutub Minar in 1192 (which was eventually completed by Iltutmish in 1230). The Qutub Minar, built to commemorate the entry of Islam, was essentially a victory tower, decorated with several calligraphic inscriptions. The diameter of the Qutub Minar is 14.32m at the base and about 2.75m at the top. It measures a height of 72.5m and contains a spiral staircase of 379 steps. 8

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Shamsuddin Iltutmish (1211-1236 AD) was another great building monarch of the Slave dynasty. He extended the Quwwat-ulIslam Masjid (1229 AD) i. He also started his own tomb (Iltutmish's Tomb) located in the Qutub Minar complex in 1235 AD. This tomb employed the "squinch" system of construction in which a square hall is converted into an octagon by projecting a small arch across the angle of the square hall. Iltutmish is also credited with constructing The tomb of Balban constructed in 1280 AD represents the first true arch built in India, which is produced by following the scientific system originally formulated by the Roman engineers. Allauddin Khilji established the second city of Delhi at Siri, built the Alai Darwaza near the Qutub Minar and dug a vast reservoir at Hauz Khas around 1311AD. The well-decorated Alai Darwaza, which served as an entrance gateway to the mosque at the Qutub complex, marks the evolution of another innovative feature in the Indo-Islamic architecture. The rulers of the Tughlaq Dynasty also undertook considerable construction activities, including building three of the seven ancient cities of Delhi. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320-1325 AD) built Tughlaqabad, the third city of Delhi, in 1321-23 AD. The Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, built of red sandstone, is an irregular pentagon in its exterior plan and its design is of the pointed or "Tartar" shape and is crowned by a finial resembling the kalasa and amla of a Hindu temple. Delhi's fourth city Jahanpanah was built by Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq in mid-14th century. Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388 AD) was undoubtedly the greatest builder among all the rulers of the Tughlaq dynasty. He himself wrote in Fatuhat-i-Feroz Shah "among the gifts which God bestowed on me, His humble servant, was a desire to erect public buildings". He built Ferozabad, Delhi's fifth city, in 1354 AD. The famous Firoz Shah Kotla ground is the only remnant of its past glory. Feroz Shah Tughlaq is also credited with founding the fortified cities of Jaunpur, Fathabad and Hissar. His construction works were of a unique simple style characterised by the use of inexpensive materials. The medieval rulers, who were used to the convenience of choosing new locations for starting new constructions, rarely adopted restoration of previous buildings. It was only Feroze Shah Tughlaq who took up large-scale restoration works and repaired hundreds of monuments, including the Qutub Minar which was damaged by lightening in 1369 AD In the 14th century under the Timurid rulers, Islamic architecture underwent a change. The narrow horseshoe arch was replaced by the true arch, an idea imported directly from Persia. However, Indian masons weren’t completely convinced of its holding power. They began using wooden beams as supports, and eventually the four-centred arch minus the beam support came into vogue. During the Sayyid and the Lodi Dynasties, more than fifty tombs of different sizes were constructed. The Lodis introduced the concept of double domes built one upon the other, leaving some space in between. Two different types of tombs with octagonal and square plans respectively began to be constructed. The Tombs of Mubarak Sayyid (d. 1434 AD), Muhammad Sayyid (d.1444 AD) and Sikander Lodi (d.1517 AD) are all of the octagonal type. The square tombs are represented by such monuments as the Bara Khan Ka Gumbad, Chota Khan Ka Gumbad, Bara Gumbad (1494 AD), Shish Gumbad, Dadi Ka Gumbad and the Poli ka Gumbad. The Tomb of Isa Khan (1547 AD), the Tomb of Adham Khan (1561 AD), Moth ki Masjid (c.1505 AD), Jamala Masjid (1536 AD) and the Qila-i-Kuhna Masjid (c.1550 AD) belong to the final phase of the Delhi style of architecture 9

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The Provincial Style of Architecture encompasses the architectural trends and developments noticed in different provincial capitals in India, but specifically in Punjab (1150-1325 AD), Bengal (1203-1573 AD), Gujarat (1300-1572 AD), Jaunpur (1376-1479 AD), Malwa (1405-1569 AD), Deccan (1347-1617 AD), Bijapur (1490-1656 AD), Khandesh (1425-1650 AD) and Kashmir (1410 onwards). The Mughal rulers were visionaries and their own personalities reflected in the all-round development of various arts, crafts, music, building and architecture. The Mughal dynasty was established with the crushing victory of Babar at Panipat in 1526 AD. During his short five-year reign, His son Humayun laid the foundation of a city called Dinpanah ("refuge of the faithful") at the Purana Qila in Delhi but the city could not be completed. The Mughal Empire briefly fell to the Suris in 1540 but was re-established by Humayun in 1555. The Persian influence into the Mughal architecture was largely a result of Humayun's observance of this style at the court of Shah Tahmasp during the period of his exile. However, the Persian elements could manifest and mature only several years after his death, as is evident in the Humayun's Tomb at Delhi Architecture flourished during the reign of Akbar (1555-1605). The chief feature of the architecture of Akbar's time was the use of red sandstone. In principle the construction was of the trabeate order, although the "Tudor" arch was also used. The domes were of the "Lodi" type, while the pillar shafts were many-sided with the capitals being in the form of bracket supports. One of the first major building projects was the construction of a huge fort at Agra. The massive sandstone ramparts of the Red Fort are another impressive examp...