Human Geography Exam 2 PDF

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This is a completed study guide for Exam Two in Dr. James Hanlon's Human Geography (Spring 2018) class. He gives you a study guide, here I have filled out all definitions and questions. ...

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Human Geography Exam Two Review Chapter Five – Languages 

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Creole or creolized language o This is a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated Dialect o This is a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation Endangered language o An endangered language is at risk of becoming an extinct language. o There are hotspots throughout the world where endangered languages are common. Some of these hotspots are in areas where there are high concentrations of languages. Those high concentrations mean that many languages are spoken by a small number of people. Extinct Language o A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used Language o A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of a people to have the same meaning Language organization (family, branch, group) o A language family is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history o A language branch is a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousands of years ago; differences are not as extensive or as old as between language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family o A language group is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary. Lingua Franca o A lingua franca is a language of international communication o French and English are considered lingua francas. Linguistic convergence o When two groups speaking different languages interact Linguistic divergence o When a group of people speaking one language separate and over time this creates an entirely new language Literary tradition o The written expression of language Native and non-native speakers Official Language o Countries in which several different languages are spoken by large numbers of people often have an official language that facilitates communication between speakers of different languages Pidgin language o A pidgin language is a form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary, and is used for communications among speakers of two different languages. o A pidgin language can become actually established and form into a creole language (example – Jamaican Patois) Standard language

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The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications

Questions for Language Chapter 1. What are the four most commonly spoken languages in the world (lecture material)? Mandarin, Hindi, Spanish, and English 2. Do all languages have a literary tradition? No 3. What factor distinguished between language divisions? Time 4. Why do languages emerge and evolve? What factors contribute to linguistic divergence and convergence, and what are some examples of each? Migration and colonization. Jamaican, American and British English 5. Is the number of languages spoken in the world today increasing or decreasing? Decreasing

Chapter 6 – Religions  

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Religions branch o A large and fundamental division within a religion Diaspora o A widespread diffusion of a people from their region of origin, often by force. Some ethnic religions are more widespread than we would expect. This is usually because they are associated with diasporas rather than because of any appeal beyond the cultural group that the religion is associated with. Ethnic religion o A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. o Example – Hinduism Monotheism o The belief that there is only one god Polytheism o The belief that there are multiple gods Syncretic religion o Two or more religions combined into one. Universalizing religion

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. Questions for Religion Chapter What are the three universalizing religions with the most adherents? Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam What ethnic religion has the most adherents? Hinduism What countries have the five largest adherents of Islam? Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nigeria How do spatial patterns of universalizing and ethnic religions differ? Universalizing religions are much more spread out across multiple countries while ethnic religions stick to one area. Why are adherents of some ethnic religions geographically dispersed? Diaspora

Chapter 7 – Ethnicities  

Anti-miscegenation laws o Laws that existed that prevented diverse racial and ethnic marriages Blockbusting

Real estate agents would stoke fears of African Americans moving in, which encouraged whites to sell their houses at below market value. Dual housing market o The degree of residential segregation creates a dual housing market, one market for whites, one market for African Americans, each with their own law of supply and demand Ethnicity o Refers to shared cultural characteristics and traditions Hypodescent o Practice of determining the classification of a child of mixed-race ancestry by assigning the child the race of his or her more socially subordinate parent Immigration restrictions o Many Europeans weren’t classified as white unless they were from certain countries and if they were Catholic. Jim crow laws o “Separate but equal” laws in the us south that promoted racial segregation Loving v. Virginia o Ruled that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional Mestizo o A combination of Native and European descent in Mexico National Origins Act of 1924 o The act that closed the door on immigration for people coming from Southern and Eastern Europe. Naturalization Law of 1790 o Citizenship was to be granted to “free white persons”. Have to be Anglo-Saxon and protestant Plessy v. Ferguson o Ruled that separate but equal laws were constitutional Race o Based on perceived physical characteristics Racial prerequisite cases o Held to determine whether or not a person was white Racial zoning o Local governments did this by posing ordinances that were intended to keep neighborhoods racially segregated. Redlining o Practiced by banks, they would often refuse mortgages to African Americans Restrictive covenants o House by house basis. Whites began forming neighborhood associations whose purpose was to persuade their neighbors to place restrictive covenants on their houses that prohibited their sale to minorities. Steering o Directing homeseekers toward or away from neighborhoods on the basis of race Wealth gap o Whites earn more than minorities White Flight o Whites moving away from neighborhoods, causing them to become exclusively black o

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Questions for Ethnicities Chapter

1. How do race and ethnicity differ, what do they share in common, and what are they both not based on? Race is perceived by physical characteristics. Ethnicity is perceived by cultural characteristics. They are not based on genetics. 2. What was the impact of immigration restrictions imposed in the 1920s? People from Southern and Eastern Europe could not come to America. 3. What was the significance of the outcome of racial prerequisite cases for different nationalities? Some people were white, some weren’t

Chapter 8 – Political Geography Boundary o An invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory City-state o A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside Colonialism o An attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory Colony o A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent Cultural boundary o Europe’s boundaries are mostly these. Ethnic boundaries. While imperfect there is a rough correlation between the boundaries of Europe’s states and boundaries marking the extent of different languages Divided state o A pre-existing state that has split into two different states, usually a conflict Efficiency gap o A way to measure partisan asymmetry Failed state o A failed state is a state, it is an area organized into a political unit, but that unit may or may not be ruled by an established government, and if there is an established government it does not have complete control over its internal affairs. Frontier o A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control. Geometric boundary o Some boundaries are mainly made of straight lines Gerrymandering o The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power Imperial state o States that are empires Multinational state o A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities Nation o A nation is a group of people with a collective cultural identity, typically on the basis of ethnicity, language, religion, and or some other form of shared heritage Nation-state o A nation state is a state whose territory and boundaries correspond to that occupied by a group of people who identify as a nation. Most of these are in Europe. Nationality

Nation is not the same thing as a state. We can associate the concept of nation with the related concept of nationality, which applies to individuals or to a group of people. Partisan asymmetry o A disparity between the share of seats won or lost by a political party and the share of cotes it received in an election deciding those seats is known as this Physical boundary o Natural physiographic features such as rivers or mountain ranges are known as this. Recognition o Formal acknowledgement of existing states of a new state’s claim to sovereign independence Self-determination o The concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves Separatism o If a stateless nation feels strongly enough about its desire for its own state, it mat seek to separate from the state it lives in Sovereignty o State’s right to independently rule itself without the interference of other states State o An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs Stateless nation o Some nations do not feel the state in which they live represents and protects their interests. In such instances they may desire to instead have a state of their own. The Kurds, Basques, and Palestinians are examples of this. Superimposed boundary o Boundaries imposed on an area by other states Transitional state o Not yet a state, but it has made some progress toward becoming one. It has at least some control over its internal affairs but none over foreign affairs. Palestine is an example Unrecognized state o Not a state, it may function like one, and may fit most of the definition of a state, but it does not receive sufficient recognition from other states and does not have control over foreign affairs. Example is Somaliland. o

Questions for Chapter 8 1. What has been the historical development of the state, and where did the modern state first arise? The state as we understand it today, which we will call the modern state, is a relatively recent concept that has evolved over only the last few hundred years. The earliest states were city-states, which originated in Mesopotamia 2. What are some examples of failed and unrecognized states? Somalia and Somaliland 3. Why are states sometimes difficult to define? Why does statehood matter to people? They could be divided, failed, transitional, or unrecognized. Many people throughout the world belong to a state that they feel represents and protects their interests. The basic reason why statehood matters is because the world is organized around a political concept, the modern state, that over time has seen an incredible amount of power and meaning attached to it. 4. How common are nation-states? Not very. Japan is one of the only ones.

Chapter 9 – Food and Agriculture 

20-inch rainfall line o This marks the approximate boundary between raising crops and raising animals.

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Agribusiness o Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations Agricultural (or Neolithic) revolution o Led to agricultural hearths Agriculture o The delibera’te effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain Aquifer o Stores water underground? Columbian exchange o Plants, animals, people, technology, ideas, and diseases were transferred between the Eurasia/Africa and the Americas Commercial agriculture o Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off a farm Crop rotation o The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil Desertification o Degradation of the land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as extensive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. Also known as semiarid land degradation Double cropping o Harvesting twice a year from the same field Grain farming o Practiced in midlatitude climates and areas that receive less precipitation than those where mixed crop and livestock farming is practiced Green revolution o Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers Intensive subsistence agriculture o A form of subsistence agriculture that can support highly populated areas and farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land Livestock ranching o Practiced in semiarid regions where it is too dry to grow crops Mixed crop and livestock farming o Practiced in midlatitude climates, corn and soybeans are dominant here. Monoculture o The growing of a single crop on a plot of land Pastoral nomadism o A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. Must move around a lot, arid climates, low population Plantation o A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country Polyculture o Farming multiple crops on a single plot of land Shifting cultivation o A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one yield to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively short time and left fallow for a relatively long time Subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer’s family Transhumance o The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures o

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Questions for Chapter 9 1. What were the impacts of the Neothilic revolution? Permanent settlement, unprecedented population growth, new endemic diseases, social stratification, occupational specialization 2. What are the key differences between subsistence and commercial agriculture? Subsistence provides for the family, commercial provides for a country 3. What form of agriculture is primarily responsible for deforestation in the Amazon region? Livestock ranching

Tutorial A (Ch 5) Languages: Basic Concepts & Geographical Patterns 1) An official language is a A. form of language that is widely recognized as the most acceptable for government business, education, and mass communication B. language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages C. language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents D. language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated E. language that is unrelated to any other language and therefore not attached to any language family

2) A standard language is a A. form of language that is widely recognized as the most acceptable for government business, education, and mass communication B. language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages C. language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents D. language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated E. language that is unrelated to any other language and therefore not attached to any language family

3) A form of a language spoken in a particular region: A. B. C. D. E.

branch dialect family group isogloss

4) A literary tradition is A. B. C. D. E.

a form of a language intended to be printed in official government documents a language spoken in a particular area a collection of languages that are related to one another the written form of a language the form of a language used in literature and poetry

5) A lingua franca is A. B. C. D. E.

an English word that has entered the French language an extinct language that has been revived an official language in a different region of the world from where the language originated a language used by French colonial administrations a language understood by people who have different native languages

6) The language family with the largest number of speakers of its languages is A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Afro-Asiatic Altaic Austronesian Dravidian Indo-European Niger-Congo Sino-Tibetan

7) English is in the same language family as each of the following languages except A. B. C. D. E.

Finnish, spoken mainly in Finland Hindi, spoken mainly in India Pashto, spoken mainly in Afghanistan and Pakistan Persian (or Farsi), spoken mainly in Iran Russian, spoken mainly in Russia

8) English is part of which language branch? A. B. C. D. E.

Germanic North Germanic West Germanic Indo-European Romance

9) English is part of which language group? A. B. C. D. E.

Germanic North Germanic West Germanic Indo-European Romance

10) The most commonly spoken language the world is A. B. C. D. E.

Cantonese English Hindi Mandarin Spanish

11) The English language is a "second" or "third" language in many regions where it is used as a(n) A. B. C. D. E.

creole language extinct language isolated language language group lingua franca

Tutorial B (Ch 5) Evolving Languages 1) The main difference between languages in the same family, branch, or group is A. B. C. D. E.

how far back in time the common ancestor of each language was spoken how closely the speakers of each language live to one another how similar the cultures of the speakers of each language are how many people speak the each language how long before each language will go extinct

2) English is most closely related to A. B. C. D.

Arabic Hindi Hungarian Turkish

3) A group of languages that share a common origin in the recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary is a A. B. C. D. E.

language dialect language branch language family language group literary tradition

4) A group of languages that share a common ancestor before long recorded history is a A. B. C. D. E.

language dialect language branch language family language group literary tradition

5) When peo...