Humanities II - Professor Heather Schaffner at University of Northern Iowa PDF

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Professor Heather Schaffner at University of Northern Iowa...

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8/23/2018 (Week 1) Life in the 14th century

What is Feudalism?

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A system of political organization based on lordvassal relationship

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Not universal, but a general structure -

Everyone in europe does feudalism differently.

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A social and economic system -

Social status matters

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Social class and economics intertwined

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Military becomes localized -

Everyone has their own Army

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Someone who has money can own an Army

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Vestiges Roman institutions

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Agreement between king, lords, and vassals -

Agreement starts with the king, which people he wants to keep close to them. He than gives them land to those people and then they choose their own subordinates. Everyone is making these agreements personally.

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Oaths of fealty -

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Likened to the word royalty

Problems with oaths

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Fealty lasts until you die

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Multiple allegiances to other lords

Feudal Law

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Not Universal

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Local and personal -

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Vassal owes loyalty and service to lord based on a personal agreement

Guided by tradition and precedent; Customary law -

The law of customs

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Customary Law, is very common.

Rural Life: Manorialism

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“Political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their Lord”

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Help! Help! I’m being repressed!

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Serfdom -

Status defined by obligation to lord

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Hereditary

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Church = Center of life

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All Serfs are peasants but not all peasants are serfs. Most peasants have the ability to negotiate their demand, marry, move freely

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A serf was not a piece of personal property. They belonged to the land, rather than the individual person

Feudal Hierarchy & Obligation

Benefits of Feudal structure -

Protection -

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People are afraid of outsiders l.E Ottoman Empire, Islam, Jews etc.

Role for sons of landowners -

Oldest male child inherits everything

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Rise in status for successful knights into the nobility

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Group cooperation: Building of cooperative society -

Sharing of manpower, weapons, equipments, influence

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Gets the job done!

Problems of feudalism & manorialism -

Weak central authority -

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Extensive division of land -

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Further decentralization

Private warfare* -

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Public power in private hands

When noble fight each other

Varied feudal style -

Many feudal system is a problem. When somebody gets in power he thinks his

way is everybody’s way.

How feudalism affected society -

Power structure

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Widened gap between social classes: Stable social order based on presupposition of place in society

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Land = property -

Commodity that you can buy and sell

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Aristocratic control of local affairs

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Rise of knights and chivalry

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Slow growth of modern state

8/27/2018 (Week 2) Emergence of Urban Europe

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Organic and planted towns -

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Communes: Mutual support organizations -

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Somebody decides and put there by someone

a group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities.

Medieval Town Charter: A city charter or town charter (generically, municipal charter) is a legal document (charter) establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. -

Freedoms were conferred towns through charter from king

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Common Privileges: -

Right to farm taxes & tolls -

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Right to personal freedoms -

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No lords-Vassal relationship if you are living in a town

Right to hold town courts -

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Tax farming**

Make their own laws and do justice!

Burgage tenure

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Own private poverty within town’s border

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Burg means town

Right to organize town defenses

Medieval City and Town Governance

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Citizenship narrowly defined -

Usually only males who had been born within city of lived there for long time.

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Just by being born there doesn’t make you a citizen. You need to have property, wealth or influence.

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You could be granted citizenship

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Local control by wealthy

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Evolution of city leader figure

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Local, customary laws -

Each city/town would have had their own rules to follow based on what was important there

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Swift punishment for crime

The Black Death

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What is it?

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Origins & types -

Asia

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Most common: Pneumonic (100 % fatality) & Bubonic (Some people survived) -

¼ of europe’s population is wiped out

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What caused quick and rampant infections? -

Urbanization of Europe

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People are living in proximity with each other

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New trading contacts

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Low public health standard -

No germ theory

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No hand washing protocol

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They are sharing dishes and all the waste (human included) is thrown out on the streets

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Other circumstances -

Economic decline

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Exhausted land, farming techniques

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Most european were malnurious because of fail harvest

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Farming techniques, no technological advancement

Famine & disease

Early reactions to plague -

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Sin & God -

Europe is a christian place

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People think that it’s because of their sin

Fear & exile -

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Christians blame the jews, to have brought the plague upon Europe

Abandonment

Mood of the Age

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Social unrest -

Secular means outside the government

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Heresy is going against church’s teachings

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Fasting and mortification of the flesh

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Rise of European witches

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Preoccupation with death in art and music

Aftermath of the plague

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Economy -

Fewer workers = higher wages

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Strife in towns

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Stress on rural economy

Efforts to improve agriculture -

Less workers hired so more work per person. They see how they can make their job easy

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Merchants want fixes labor wages -

Statute of labourers, 1351 -

The Statute of Labourers was a law created by the English parliament under King Edward III in 1351 in response to a labour shortage, designed to suppress the labour force by prohibiting increases in wages and prohibiting the movement of workers from their home areas in search of improved conditions.

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Revolt -

Why am I not allowed to make more money? - labor

Little Ice Age, 1300 - 1850

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Hard to determine exact dates -

Actual records from people

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Farmers would record the temperature or conditions

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They are writing letters

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Records of sales and prices

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Tree rings

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Volcanic records

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How do we determine a ‘little Ice Age’ occured?

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Cause?

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Cold water: the other big issue

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What happens in little Ice age? -

Crops fail, cattle die

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Famine, followed by epidemic disease

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Bread riots, general disorder, fear, distrust

8/30/2018

Political Crisis: The English Peasant War

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Peasants living under rough times -

Constant fear of war

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High taxation

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Oppressive laws

Peasants band together against oppression -

Petition King Richard II to abolish serfdom, poll tax, sumptuary laws and game law; set rent limits; no forced labor

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King Richard II makes a mistake -

Bring me traitors. But both peasants and king have different definitions. To peasants, they are landowners, bosses etc. To king, he meant people who are doing corruptions and working against the state.

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Violence is widespread.

Violence against landowners and bosses begins on the countryside

English Peasant War

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Organization under Wat Tyler & John Ball,

peasant leaders -

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Wat Tyler, a quiet peasant leader -

He is a farmer

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He is a tactical guy who is helpful in leading the people to revolution

John Ball, a fiery preacher who ignited the peasants -

He is the speaker

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He is the passion behind the movement. Motivator!

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Approximately 60,000 peasants marches on london

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King RIchard II agrees to peasants’ demands after prominent people murdered, but…. -

As the meeting is about to finish. People starts shooting arrows at Wat Tyler and the guards behead them. Peasant discourage and go back home.

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Revolt is over

Major result of revolts -

Radically new ideas about speaking out

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New philosophies about the rights of urban and rural workers

Hundred Years’ War - Political Precursors

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1259: English King Henry III gives up claims to English-held French territory -

Keeps duchy of Gascony, Calais/ Flanders

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Makes English king a vassal of French king

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13th century: French Capetian dynasty grows in power

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Early 14th century: French Capetians fail to produce a male heir

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1325: last Capetian male dies

Closest male relative to take French throne: King Edward III of England! -

French don’t choose him, though…

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French nobility chooses Philip VI of France

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Edward III

Hundred years war - Economic Causes

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Wool

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Towns in north France (Specifically Flanders) support Edward III’s claim to French throne -

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Need trade with the English to stay in business

WINE -

English want to keep access to wine-producing region in France

Hundred Years’ War, 1337 - 1453

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Rise of mercenaries -

Most Merc are from Germany

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Troops are expensive to build. Merc are trained and ready to fight

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Royalty lies with money. Switch sides instantly!

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Taxation increase

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Growing power of monarchy…

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But nobility still VERY powerful

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People turn towards the image of their king/queen

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Monarchy becomes crucial

Why does war last so long? -

See-sawing success between English & French

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Military innovation on both sides

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English uses Longbow

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French innovates with cannons and gunpowder

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The Black Plague

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116 years = many monarchs -

Change of strategy but no goals

Joan of Arc, 1412 - 1431

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Young peasant girl who had vision -

‘Informed’ that she should help French vs the English

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A prophecy circulated of a girl who would save France

Siege of Orleans -

October 1428 - March 1429

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Joan’s role -

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Lift the siege of Orleans

Joan’s famous and people’s morale boosted

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Inspired French armies because they believed God spoke to her

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Become icon of peasantry -

ALL French have inherent value, not just rich

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Tide turns to French with her inspiration

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Accused of witchcraft, convicted of heresy against the Church -

Crossdressing?! -

It is against Church to wear clothing out of your gender

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Held hostage in a prison for year

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She is raped and forced to act like a women

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Burnt on a stake

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King Charles starts an investigation

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Saint Joan: Later canonized by the Catholic Church -

Made a saint in 1920 by Pope Benedict XV

Results: Hundred Years’ War

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Military innovation: weapons, tactics, army structures

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England gives up all claims to territory in France -

Except small portion of Calais

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Growing nationalism in England and France

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French monarchy continues to grow in power

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England fall into civil war -

War of the Roses: Tudor family takes over England

09/04/2018 Europe’s Catholic Church

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Christianity = the Catholic Church in the 14th century -

There is only one church!

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They refer themselves as Christians

Anyone know the definition of the word, Catholic? -

Means Universal

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Lower case “c”: all-embracing, including a wide variety of things; universal

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Capital “C”: of the Roman Catholic faith; of or including All Christians

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GREEK: Katholikos: Kath-through, hoos-whole- throughout the whole

State of Catholic Church in the 14th century

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Phenomenal cosmic power! -

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Exert tremendous authority

Huge influence

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Control of culture -

Everyone in western europe is christian

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Christian influence in Politics

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Jews expelled to Germany by government in 14th century

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1939 Hitler massacred jews

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Church are keeper of history of Europe

Corruption: Big trouble in little Italy -

Inquisition -

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Ill-educated priests -

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Have mistresses, sex. - secretly. All the way up to the Pope

Charging to see holy relics, sites -

Pieces of bodies from the grave e.g Jesus’s Foreskin

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People pay to visit these holy sites

Simony -

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Priest but not know how to write or read

Immorality -

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Torture and question people guilty of Heresy

Secretly selling church’s offices and roles.

Indulgences -

Purgatory - (in Roman Catholic doctrine) a place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven

Religious Crisis

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Decline of power begins near beginning of the century -

Struggle of kings against church

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Heresy

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Avignon papacy, 1309-1377 (In textbook) -

Clement V, French pope

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He is not happy in Rome, not where he should live

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He moves the papacy to France

Great Schism, 1378 -

Schism means split

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Pope, Urban VI v. Clement VII

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Urban, lives in Rome

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Clement lives in Avignon

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Council elects new person - Alexander V

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The issue is resolved in 1418 where they elect Martin V

Later century: influence of humanism and realism

Art in the Middle Ages -

Lacked perspective -

Perspective helps to look at the picture and make it look real and possible

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Lacked proportion

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Strongly religious themes

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Illuminated manuscripts -

Drawings on the page of a book

Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343 - 1400 -

English poet

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Also worked in Govt

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Wrote in English vernacular -

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Vernacular is the language you think in

The Canterbury Tales -

What their lifestyle was

Italian Renaissance Late Medieval Changes -

Decline of Feudalism, pessimism

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Early sparks of nation state

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Increased trade/commercialism

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Urbanization

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Rise of universities

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Growth in use of vernacular writing

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Decline in Church control

Northern Italy: The Birthplace of Renaissance

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The ‘little states’

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Thriving cities governed by oligarchies

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Papal territory consolidated -

Julius II, ‘the warrior pope’ -

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Giuliano della Rovere, 1503 - 1513

Rebirth of civic spirit -

Cedar Fall - sturgis fall. What made CF, coming together to celebrate

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From independence and chaos to rebirth

Online Quiz - Essay Question - Response to our discussion -

Critical Thinking

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Due by 11:59 pm, Friday

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Worth 10 pt

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Has to be completed in one sitting

9/06/2018 Florence and the Rise of the Medici

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Infamous banking family -

Lasted from 1397 - 1494

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Located in Florence, Pisa, London, Milan, Geneva, Rome

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