Identification OF Chloroplasts AND Elodea PDF

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Identification OF Chloroplasts AND Elodea...

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IDENTIFICATION OF CHLOROPLASTS AND ELODEA INTRODUCTION. In this report we will talk about chloroplasts in the elodea and their cyclosis, to be analyzed under a microscope. This report was made in order to study and / or learn about chloroplasts, their cyclosis, results when viewed under a microscope and the steps to achieve this. Elodea is a genus of aquatic plantIn this, as in all angiosperms, chloroplasts are discoidal or ellipsoidal structures that measure between 5-6 microns (µ) in diameter and 12 microns (µ) in width.. Chloroplasts are the cellular organelles than in organisms Photosynthesizing eukaryotes deal with the phot os y nt hes i s ,. They are limited by an envelope formed by two concentric membranes and contain vesicles, the thylakoids where pigments and others are organized molecules that convert light energy into chemical energy like chlorophyll. The term chloroplasts alternatively serves to designate any plasto dedicated to photosynthesis, or specifically to the green plastids typical of green algae and plants. In its ultrastructure, the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes. Inside there is a colorless semi-fluid material of a protein nature that constitutes the stroma, where most of the enzymes required in the reactions that occur there are located. There may be dozens of chloroplasts in the cytoplasm of each cell. In its ultrastructure, the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes. Inside there is a colorless semi-fluid material of a protein nature that constitutes the stroma, where most of the enzymes required in the reactions that occur there are located.

GENERAL PURPOSE. Observe the chloroplasts in the elodea and their cyclosis under a microscope.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES. -

Observe plant cells. Observe chloroplasts in plant cells. Observe the movement of chloroplasts (cyclosis) in the cells of the aquatic plant Elodea.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. The eukaryotic cell is characterized by presenting its nucleus within a nuclear envelope, this is surrounded by the cytoplasm and a series of organelles, this in turn is limited by a cell membrane. The plant cell is a type of eukaryotic cell, which it has attached organelles that the animal cell lacks; one of these is plastids, one of the most characteristic and of the greatest biological importance is the chloroplast , which together with lamitochondria constitute the biochemical machines that are responsible for producing the energy transformations necessary to maintain the functions of plant cells.Each cell contains a considerable number of chloroplasts that vary in spherical, ovoid and discoidal shape, for example in algae they only have one only the immense very voluminous chloroplast, in higher plants there are between 20 to 40 per cell, if the number of chloroplast is insufficient to maintain the metabolism of the plant they increase by division, if it is excessive they are reduced by degeneration. The structure of chloroplasts has three main components: 1.Envelope: with two membranes, one external and one internal, where molecular exchanges with the cytosol occur, both membranes lack chlorophyll but there is a presence of carotenoids. 2.Stroma: represents the majority of the chloroplast and the thylakoids are immersed in it. Composed of proteins, it contains DNA and RNA that participate in the synthesis of some structural and enzymatic proteins of chloroplasts. It is in this structure that CO2 fixation is generated. 3.Thylakoids: flattened sacks grouped together like piles of coins, each pile of thylakoids is called cochineal and the individual elements of each grana are known as Grana thylakoids . The wall of the thylakoids is called thylakoid membraneThis wall separates the thylakoid compartment from the stroma (thylakoid space). The function of chloroplasts is to trap electromagnetic energy from light and convert it to chemical energy through the process of photosynthesisThey then use this energy together with atmospheric CO2 to synthesize various types of molecules where some of them will serve as food for the same plants or other species of organisms. Chloroplasts are characterized by presenting pigments such as chlorophyll, giving the plant its characteristic green color or caratenoid pigments. The connections that occur in plant cells are through structures known as plasmodesms, the presence of these structures allows the free circulation of liquids and solutes, important to maintain the tone of the plant cell. Another structure that makes the difference between an animal and a plant cell is that the latter has a cell wall, which is basically a kind of exoskeleton, that surrounds the plasma membrane. This wall is in charge of giving protection and mechanical support to the cell, determining its shape, it also participates in maintaining the balance between the intracellular osmotic pressure and the tendency of water to penetrate the cytosol. Another characteristic that this wall gives us is that it also participates in the growth and differentiation of the cell, so that differentiation of the cambium, phloem and xylem is generated from the cell wall. Plant

cells are also characterized by presenting a large central vacuole that stores water inside, occupying 90% of the cell's total volume. To understand the way in which an organism is nourished we must know the way in which it obtains matter, mainly the carbon it needs to form organic molecules that make up its body and how it obtains the energy necessary for its operation. Depending on the way organisms obtain carbon, it is possible to distinguish two types of living beings: Autotrophs: organisms capable of fixing inorganic carbon, using carbon dioxide from the environment as a source, Heterotrophs: organism that cannot fix carbon, having to use preformed organic molecules as a source, produced by other organisms. The energy that living beings require to carry out these processes can be obtained from two sources: by solar energy and that contained in chemical compounds. It is in this way that organisms that use light are known as otosynthetics Photosynthesis is the process that allows vegetables to obtain the matter and energy they need to carry out their vital functions, this process is carried out thanks to the presence in the leaves and young stems of pigments capable of capturing the light energy. There is a particular structure that is present in all the herbaceous parts (green parts) of the plant, being found more concentrated in the leaves, these structures are known as stomata, which are small holes or pores that cross the epidermis of the plants, in the form of communicate the gaseous environment inside the plant with that outside. Through the stomata, the plant captures or releases most of the oxygen and carbon dioxide, two gases that it uses or discharges depending on the circumstances, and are also the main way in which the plant loses the water absorbed by the roots in form of water vapor.

METHODOLOGY. - A piece of elodea is taken and placed on the object holder sheet. - To this is added a drop of water. - It is covered with the other sheet. - Pressure is applied to remove the water pumps.

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The sheet is taken under a microscope and viewed at 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X.

ANALYSIS MATERIALS. - Elodea plant. - Object holder (sheet). - Dropper with water.

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Gripper. Microscope.

RESULTS. Here is the elodea at 4X, where the cell wall and the sheet are displayed in full, since the image is too small.

Eloeda at 10X, here it increases its size more or less about 100 times, we can visualize the cell wall but not the chloroplasts in their entirety.

Eloeda at 40X, increases about 400 times to initial size, and moving chloroplasts (cyclosis) are visualized.

Eloeda at 100X, here the chloroplasts and their movement (cyclosis) are perfectly visualized. This is due to the presence of light, which stimulates the chloroplasts and this allows photosynthesis to take place.

CONCLUSIONS.

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In this assembly, cell divisions and chloroplasts were easily seen, which were distributed throughout the Elodea leaf. We were able to observe the movements (cyclosis) of the chloroplast.

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We conclude that chloroplasts are very important organelles in plant cells since they are responsible for carrying out the photosynthesis process, a process by which plants produce their own food, which is glucose. Plants not only produce their own food, but support food chains.

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We were able to visually see what the structure of a plant cell is.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. https://youtu.be/qqT3IDXlvDo https://youtu.be/l8a3mXl6hgg https://youtu.be/znwgLb5yBL0...