Interior Designing & Decoration PDF

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INTERIOR DESIGNING & DECORATION INTRODUCTION Interior designing is the orderly management of lines, forms, colors, textures and so on to create beauty in interiors.

OBJECTIVES OF INTERIOR DESIGNING Beauty Beauty is not the only objective in planning and furnishing accommodation areas, in addition it should express and idea and most important of all, should function effectively. Expressiveness To decorate an area a theme is required to express these themes could be naturalness, sophistication, formality, royalty, warmth, coolness freshness antiquity and so on. Functionalism An accommodation product should most importantly, ”work". Every piece of furniture and space should serve its function. The consideration that should be kept in mind while designing are as follows:   

There should be optimum utilization of space available. It should be easy maintainable. It should be convenient to the guests. It should be practical in cost and within the budget.

BASIC TYPES OF DESIGN There are two kinds of designs-structural and decorative.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN This is comprised of the size, form, color and texture of an object, whether it be the object itself or the drawing of the object worked out on paper. Basic requirements  

It should be simple. It should be well proportioned. It should be suited to the material from which it is made.

DECORATIVE DESIGN Any lines, color or materials that have been applied to structural design for the purpose of adding a richer quality to it constitute its decorative design. Basic requirements 

Decoration should be used in moderation Decoration should be placed at structural points and it should strengthen the shape of the object. -

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There should be enough space to give it the space of simplicity.

ELEMENTS OF INTERIOR DECORATION DESIGN The elements that are basic in all visual design are line, form, color and texture. Three additional elements pattern, light and space –help to complete it. 1. Line - This is a very important element in planning and furnishing. It is the basic design element. Before the artist begins to paint, he or she must establish directions of the lines of a painting on the canvas or paper. Likewise an interior decorator or an architect must organize and combine lines before they can create a beauty in a building or in an interior design. Lines have a positive emotional significance, depending upon their direction and their quality. Vertical lines - They create a feeling of height. In hotels, the vertical lines of doorways, pillars, columns, draperies, and furniture give the necessary strength and height to the rooms. Horizontal lines - These lines suggests rest, repose or steadiness. In hotels horizontal lines of table, sofas and other furniture complement the severely vertical lines in other parts of the area. Diagonal lines - Diagonal lines suggests movement and activity. These are the lines of action. Forward slanting line suggests push and backward slanting line suggests pull. In hotels diagonal lines appear on the staircases and the curtains or wall papers. Curved lines - In relaxation the body takes the curved position .Hence curved linen indicates flexibility and grace .These lines are feminine in effect, graceful, subtle and carefree, youth full and joyous .It can be found in arches and graceful curved furniture. 2. Form - The term form is applied to three dimensional areas and objects, where as shape refers to two dimensional one. Hence we can have a triangular shape and pyramidal form or a cuboidal form with a square shape. 3. Texture - The word texture refers to the tactile quality of the surface of any object or area. It refers to the surface quality .Two basic categories of texture are tactile and visual. Tactile or actual texture can be felt by hand –be it rough like unglazed brick or smooth like velvet. Visual texture would be absolutely smooth to touch, but it gives the impression of texture. Some terms used to describe textures are blistered, bubbly, porous, mossy perforated, pitted, polished, powdery thorny, uneven, etc. 4. Color -The appeal of color is universal. It is a very important element of design. The colors are decided according to the type and the mood of a room. 5. Pattern - Patterns used may be naturalistic, stylized, geometric or abstract. Pattern should cover just the quarter of the total surface area. If the walls and carpet are plain then the draperies and upholstery may be patterned. 6. Light - When light passes through an object, it may be reflected, absorbed or pass-through .Light has functional as well as aesthetic effect. Light may be dull or sharp or bright and diffused. -

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The way light is used in in interiors has a definite emotional effect on the minds of the occupants of a space. Bright light energies us and has a tendency to foster hard work or energetic play. Subdued light makes us feel relaxed, but if too subdued may put off to sleep. Too brilliant light causes us to look away in physical and emotional distress. A bright focused light can make one feel in the spot light. Flickering Light nearly draws people towards it. Warm colored light seems cheerful and welcoming. Cool colored lights is often more restful.

7. Space - This is among the most important elements of interior design. Unless a space is thoughtfully planned, nothing else will be quite right. Almost any space, if sensitively handled, can be made effective, livable and even dramatic. Indoor spaces can also connect with the limitless outdoor spaces by means of glass wall, large openings and porches.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN The principles of design help one in determining the quality of a design to assess whether it is artistically good or poor in appearance. The principles of design are proportion, balance, emphasis, rhythm and harmony. Proportion  The principle of proportion is also called the law of relationships. It deals with relationship of size, shape color, light, texture and pattern. Some typically complementary proportions are as follows.  The Greek Oblong-The ancient Greek striving for beauty, arrived at a point where they tried to achieve good proportions in nearly everything they created. Among the rules they evolved was the oblong that they used on the basis of space division called the ‘golden oblong’ or the ‘Greek Oblong'. The Greek oblong measures two units on the short side and three units on the long side.  Scale-Another important aspect of proportion is scale. A person must select and arrange things to look good together must develop a sense of scale. Pleasing scale requires that the sizes of all the elements making up the structure have a consistent, pleasing relationship to the structure and each other.  The size of the structure must be in pleasing proportion to the different objects combined with it. Balance Also known as equilibrium, balance is a condition of rest and repose. This restful effect is obtained by grouping shapes and colors around a centre or pivotal point in such a way that there are equal attractions on each side of that centre. Balance in design and art is not the same as balance in weight, but is conceived in terms of the amount of attention each element attracts and can be treated in the same way. That is the more imposing object must be further from the centre than the less imposing, the larger further than the smaller, and so on. Balance can be Formal balance. The centre of the space under the consideration is pivot around which attractions must be adjusted. When the objects are alike and force full in appearance and attraction, they are placed equidistant from the centre. These can be achieved in two ways. -

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 Symmetrical formal balance - When the objects on the either side of the centre are identical or mirror images of each other and are placed at equal distances from the centre, the result is Symmetrical formal balance.  Bi Symmetrical formal balance - When the objects are not alike but equal in power to interest and attract the result is bisymmetrical formal balance.  Informal/asymmetrical balance - This is also referred to as ‘active balance’ or ‘occult balance'. Asymmetry results when the visual weights of two objects do not attract the same amount of attention and so they have to be place d at different distances from the centre. Thus the heavy weight nearer the centre counterbalances the lighter ones further away.  Radial balance - This is a type of balance that grows out of the central point or axis It may be observed as the diverging lines that form the pattern of spokes in a wheel, the petals of flower and so on. Emphasis This is the design principle that directs us to create a point of interest such that the eye is carried first to the most important thing in any arrangement and from that point to every other detail in order of importance. What to emphasize? A definite plan should be made by classifying the materials and arranging them to importance, starting from the most important and moving to the least. The back ground should be less conspicuous than the objects to be emphasized, which are placed against it. How to emphasize? By placing together or grouping –The objects grouped together thus must have some common characteristics or similarity so that the group doesn't create confusion in the mind of the observer. Emphasis By use of contrasting colors - The eyes are equally attracted by contrasts of light and dark and by contrasting colors. One of the most striking means of calling attention to any object is to place it against the background with which it contrasts. By having sufficient background- Usually plain walls are preferred as the details of the design can be observed. By using unusual element-Emphasis can also be achieved by the use of unusual lines, shapes, colors, or sizes to heighten the effect. How much to emphasize? The designer has to decide the amount of plain and patterned spaces to use and where and how to distribute them. Centre of interest should be limited by directing prominence to one centre and making other centers less prominent. Where to place the emphasis? The degree of importance to be decided in different areas.

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Rhythm Rhythm means the movement in the design. i.e. the easy connecting path required to move in the rhythm inside the design. There are three outstanding ways to develop rhythm in interiors. Repetition of shapes - When a design is regularly repeated at proper intervals a movement is created that takes the eye from one end to another. Progression of sizes - Progressing sizes create the rapid movement of the eye. It lays stress only on the movement, but by channeling movement to towards a goal makes it more lively and dynamic than the repetition. Continuous line movement - Lines compel the eye to follow the directions they take. This powerful quality may be employed in various ways to control the movement of the eye. The design of a room will consists of many different lines but one predominant line would lead to eye movement. Harmony In any design harmony is required. Harmony has five aspects.     

Harmony of line and shape Harmony of size Harmony of texture Harmony of ideas Harmony of colors.

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