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these are lecture notes of introduction to US civil procedure...

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Subject(Matter(Jurisdiction( A.

+ B.

Diversity+Jurisdiction+ 1. Con.+ + Art.+III+Section+2+ Scope—citizens+of+different+states+(even+state+law+cause+of+action)+ 2. 28+U.S.C.+§1332+(a)+ limited+scope—amount+in+controversy>$75,000+ 3. Interpretation++ Complete+Diversity+(no+Ps+and+Ds+can+be+from+the+same+state)+ + ! Citizenship+ Domicile+ Test+ (at+ the+ time+ of+ filing):+ mostly,+ intent+ to+ remain+ indefinitely（some,+permanently）+ + Gordon+v.+Steele+(1974):+ Choose+fact+patterns+intent+subjectively+ + Mas+v.+Perry+(1974):+ + Citizenship+means+domicile.+To+be+a+citizen+of+the+State+within+§1332,+ a+ natural+ person+ must+ be+ a+ citizen+ of+ the+ US+ and+ domiciliary+ of+ that+ State-+mere+residence+in+the+State+is+not+sufficient.+ Domestic+relations+and+probate+Corporate+Citizenship+ 28+ U.S.C.+ §1332(c)(1):+ where+ incorporated+ ++ principal+ place+ of+ business(1+1)+ Hertz+ Corp+ v.+ Friend(2010):+ how+ to+ decide+ principal+ place+ of+ business+ Nerve+Center+Test:+where+the+high-level+business+decision+making+is+ done.+ + •+ Citizenship+ of+ unincorporated+ associations+ and+ other+ entities+ (f.e.+ partnership):+ They+are+treated+as+groups+of+individual+litigants,+not+as+corporations.+ The+ citizenship+ of+ each+ partner+ has+ to+ be+ determined+ to+ determine+ diversity.+If+one+wants+to+avoid+such+a+determination,+one+can+just+go+ to+state+court.+ Associations+ and+ entities+ that+ incorporate+ under+ professional+ corporation+ statutes+ are+ treated+ as+ corporations+ for+ diversity+ purposes+i.e.+they+are+called+corporations.+ Federal+Question+Jurisdiction+ 1. Con.+Scope+ + Art.+III+ “fed+ingredient”+ 2. Statutory+Scope+ + 28+U.S.C.+§1331+ Well-pleaded+complaint+rule+(narrower)+

Requirement+that+federal+question+has+to+be+set+forth+as+a+claim+(not+a+ defense).+ + Louisville+&+Nashville+Railroad+Co.+v.+Mottley+ P+ sues+ for+ breach+ of+ contract,+ but+ anticipate+ D’s+ defense+ would+ arise+ under+Fed.+P+sues+in+Fed+ct.+ NO.+Plaintiff’s+original+cause+of+action+under+Fed.+ + 1. “Arising+Under”+test→“Creation+test”+ Fed+law+creates+cause+of+action+ 2. “Arising+ Under” → “ Smith/Grable+ test ” (narrow+ exception+ to+ creation+test,+state+law+claim)+ 1)Necessarily+raised+++ 2)Actually+disputed+++ 3)Substantial+and+++ 4)Capable+of+resolution+in+federal+court+without+disrupting+the+ federal-++state+balance+approved+by+Congress.+ Gunton+v.+Minton:+ + Patent+issue+was+not+substantial,+only+important+to+parties.+Basic+ issue+was+legal+malpractice+claim.+ + + C.

Removal+of+Cases+from+State+to+Fed(by+Defendant)+ 1. 28+U.S.C.+§1441+ “could+have+been+filed+initially+in+fed+ct+by+the+plaintiff”+ remove+to+where:+“to+the+district+ct+of+the+US+for+the+district+and+division+ embracing+place+where+such+action+is+pending”(state+suit)+

+ when:+within+30+days+of+receipt+of+pleading+ after+removal,+P+30+days+to+raise+non-jurisdiction+ + + + Attis+v.+Amoco+Production+Co.:+no+original+fed+claims,+shouldn’t+remove+ + 28+ U.S.C.+ 1445+ exclude+ certain+ cases,+ which+ would+ be+ removable,+ from+ being+removed.+ Eg.+Case+ arising+under+state+ workman’s+compensation+ statute+are+barred+ from+removal,+even+have+diversity+ + +

Personal(Jurisdiction+ Jurisdiction+over+Defendants,+unlike+SMJ,+PJ+is+waivable.+

Source+of+Law:+ 1. Con.+ + Due+Process+Clause(state→14th+Amendment;+Fed→5th+Amendment)+ 2. State+Statutes+ + + + Long+Arm+Statute+ A. Evolution+ Pennoyer+v.+Neff（1878）:+ + No+ authority+ over+ Neff+ who+ lived+ in+ California.+ No+ state+ can+ exercise+ direct+ jurisdiction+over+persons+and+property+outside+its+territory.+(instate+presence+ would+be+proper)+ + Hess+ v.+ Pawlowski:+ implied+ consent+ to+ subject+ to+ jurisdiction+ (use+ of+ highway)+ + International+Shoe+Co.+v.+Washington+ Intl+ Shoe+ domiciled+ in+ Delaware,+ Missouri,+ no+ physical+ presence+ in+ Washington,+ only+ several+ employees.+ Washington+ asked+ it+ to+ pay+ contribution+to+unemployment+fund.+ Minimum+ Contacts:+ 1)systemetic+ and+ continuous+ activity;+ 2)depends+ upon+ the+ nature,+ quality+ and+ circumstances+ in+ relation+ to+ the+ fair+ and+ orderly+ administration+of+the+laws+ State+ lines+ still+ matter.+ Maintenance+ of+ the+ suit+ does+ not+ offend+ traditional+notions+of+fair+play+and+substantial+justice.+ + 2+types+of+PJ+under+Intl+Shoe+ 1) Specific+Jurisdiction:+minimum+contacts+(deliberate);+arise+out+of+contacts+ 2) General+Jurisdiction:+“at+home”+(even+unrelated+to+claims)+ + B. Specific+in+Personam+Jurisdiction+ McGee+v.+International+Life+Insurance+Co.+ H：contacts+can+exist+from+as+little+as+sending+reinsurance+certificate+through+ mails+ + Hanson+ v.+ Denckla(1958):+ Establishes+ the+ idea+ of+ “purposeful+ availment”(specific+conduct+of+the+defendant+towards+the+forum)+ + World-wide+Volkswagen+v.+Woodson+ P.P.:+D+can+foresee+the+possible+use+in+states.+ H:+NO+PJ,+lack+minimum+contacts.+ “Reasonable+ and+ fair”:+ 1)forum+ state’s+ interest+ in+ disputes;+ 2)P’s+ interest+ convenient+ and+ effective+relief;+ 3)interstate+ judicial+ system;+ 4)state’s+ shared+ interest.+ 1) protect+ D+ from+ inconvenient+ forum.+ 2)+ protect+ state’s+ status+ as+ co-equal+ sovereigns.+ Takeaway:1.+Minimum+contacts+require+D+had+some+connection.+ + + + + + + + + + + 2.foreseeability→D’s+conduct.+

+ Contacts+in+Intentional+Torts+ 1. Publishing+a+libelous+article+ Keeton+v.+Hustler+ Respondent’s+ circulation+ of+ magazines+ in+ the+ forum+ state+ is+ sufficient+ to+ support+an+assertion+of+jurisdiction+in+a+libel+action+based+on+the+contents+ of+the+ magazine+ when+the+ cause+ of+action+ arises+ out+of+ the+activity+being+ conducted+(specific+jurisdiction).+ 2. Writing+and+editing+a+libelous+article+ Calder+v.+Jones+ “Effects+test”:+effects+targeted+in+the+forum+state+from+activities+occurring+ outside+the+forum.+ 3. Unlucky+tourists+ Walden+v.+Fiore+ + ++++ + + + Contracts+as+Contacts+ Burger+King+v.+Rudzewicz+ H：PJ+ 1）D’s+substantial+contact+with+P’s+ headquarters+ in+FL.+2)+Contract:+choice+of+ law+is+FL+law.+3)+fail+to+demonstrate+unfairness.+ + PJ+based+on+stream+of+commerce+ Gray+v.+American+Radiator+&+Standard+Sanitary+Corp.(Illinois+Supreme+Ct.)+ A+component+ part+manufacturer+is+subject+ to+ personal+jurisdiction+ in+a+ state+ where+ its+ component+ is+ ultimately+ sold,+ even+ though+ the+ component+ part+ manufacturer+didn’t+sell+the+component+directly+into+that+state.+ + Asahi+metal+industry+co.+v.+superior+ct+of+California+ Asahi+is+a+Japanese+component+manufacturer.+ 1)+unfair+and+ unreasonable;+2)+mere+fact+of+foreseeability+that+product+will+be+ sold+ to+ CA+ is+ not+ necessary+ minimum+ contacts;+ 3)D+ no+ purposefully+ avail+ itself;+4)+no+minimum+contacts+ + “Arise+out+of”+Element+ Ford+Motor+Co.+v.+Mont.+Eighth+Jud.+Dist.+Ct.+ Ford:+particular+cars,+which+injured+victims,+ aren’t+sold+nor+ manufactured+in+ the+forum+states.+No+arise+out+of+ H:+Ford+marketed+nationwide,+including+the+forum+states.+ + When+a+company+cultivates+a+market+for+products+in+the+forum+state,+And+the+ product+malfunctions+there.+ Minimum+contacts→”relate+to”,+no+need+causally+ + After+Ford,+”arising+out+of”+test+

1) resulted+from+D’s+in-state+contacts(intl+shoes)+ 2) strong+relationship+among+D,+the+litigation+and+the+forum.(Ford)+ + PJ+and+the+Internet+ Burdick+v.+Superior+Ct.+ P+in+CA,+D+in+IL.+D+posted+on+Facebook+ H:+merely+posting+on+the+internet+ negative+comments+about+P+and+knowing+P+ is+in+the+forum+state+are+insufficient+to+create+minimum+contacts.(no+evidence+ to+show+D+targeted+CA)+ + C. Other+Con.+Bases+for+PJ+ General+Jurisdiction+ Diamler+AG+v.+Bauman+ P+in+Argentina,+D+in+Germany.+P+sue+in+CA.+conducts+have+no+relation+to+CA.+ H:+ a+ court+ may+ assert+ jurisdiction+ over+ a+ foreign+ corp.+ “to+ hear+ any+ and+ all+ claims+against+it”+only+when+the+corp’s+affiliations+with+the+state+in+which+suit+ is+brought+are+so+constant+and+pervasive+“as+to+render+it+essentially+ at+home+ in+the+forum+state”+ Milliken:+For+individual,+the+paradigm+for+GJ+is+the+individual’s+domicile.+ + In+Rem+and+Quasi+in+rem+jurisdiction+ Shaffer+v.+Heitner+ H:+ all+ assertions+ of+ state+ jurisdiction+ must+ be+ based+ on+ the+ standard+ of+ “minimum+contacts”+and+“fair+play+and+substantial+justice”.+ Burnham+v.+Superior+ct+ H:+D’s+presence,+even+unrelated.+Have+jurisdiction+ + D. Long+Arm+Statutes+ 1. States+may+restrict+jurisdictional+boundaries+to+less+than+what+the+Due+ + 2. Process+Clause+of+the+14th+amendment+would+allow.+ 3. Each+ state+ interprets+ its+ long-arm+ statutes+ as+ it+ chooses.+ If+ a+ state+ by+ virtue+of+its+long+arm+statute+has+elected+not+to+assert+jurisdiction+to+the+ full+extent+of+the+constitution,+the+fact+that+it+could+ constitutionally+have+ done+so+is+irrelevant.+ + Bensusan+restaurant+corp.+v.+King+ H:+D+not+physically+present+in+NY,+no+jurisdiction.(CPLR+§302(a)(2))+ + E. Con.+Requirement+of+Notice+and+Methods+of+Service+of+Process+ Service+of+Process+ 1. Con.+Sufficient(14th+5th+amendment)+ 2. Authorized+by+statutes+and+court+rules+ + Mullane+v.+Central+Hanover+Bank+&+Trust+Co.+

Appellee+ bank+ and+ a+ trust+ company+ established+ a+ common+ trust+ fund+ that+ complied+ with+ NY+ banking+ laws.+ The+ only+ notice+ given+ to+ the+ beneficiaries+ was+by+a+publication+in+a+local+newspaper.+ notice+must+ be+reasonably+calculated.+ Notice+must+be+ reasonably+certain+to+ inform+ those+ affected+ and+ give+ them+ to+ make+ an+ appearance.+ Even+ a+ local+ resident+ could+ not+ see+ that+ publication+ in+ a+ newspaper.+ Notice+ in+ a+ newspaper+is+acceptable+only+in+limited+circumstances.(due+process+clause)+ + Statutory+ Service+on+individuals-FRCP4(e)+ Service+on+Corp.-FRCP4(h)+ FRCP4(k)(1)Fed+rules,+state+rules+ Waiver-FRCP4(d),+D’s+option+ + Baidoo+v.+Blood-Dzraku(NY+state)+ If+ traditional+ methods+ of+ service+ are+ impractical,+ a+ court+ can+ direct+ an+ alternative+ manner+ of+ service+ that+ can+ reasonably+ be+ expected+ to+ give+ D+ actual+notice+of+the+proceeding.+ + When+ P+ filed+ a+ lawsuit+ in+ a+ state,+ we+ will+ assume+ that+ he+ has+ waived+ his+ PJ.(including+counterclaim,+crossclaim…)+ + +

Venue( A.

Basic+venue:+statutory+allocation+of+cases+within+a+court+system+ 1.+Intro:+ venue+defines+the+ geographical+specification+of+ the+proper+court+ or+ courts+ within+ a+ state+ for+ the+ adjudication.+ The+ goal+ of+ venue+ law+ is+ to+ ensure+that+the+litigation+proceeds+in+a+convenient+location.+ + 28+U.S.C.§1391(b)（whether+proper+venue）+ 1) all+D+are+the+same+state+residents,+any+D+resides+ 2) substantial+part+ 3) any+D+is+subject+to+PJ+

+ 28+U.S.C.§1391(c)（where+D+reside）+ individuals:+domicile+ Corp.:+D—any+judicial+district+where+subject+to+PJ;+ + + + + + + P—only+in+principal+place+of+business+ Corp.+ and+ states+ with+ multiple+ districts:+ any+ district+ within+ state+ where+ subject+to+ PJ+ and+if+ none+ district+within+ which+it+ has+ the+most+ significant+ contacts+ + Uffner+v.+La+Reunion+Francaise+

D+ didn’t+ object+ to+ PJ,+ waive+ PJ.+ Venue+ is+ proper,+ as+ the+ sinking+ was+ a+ substantial+part+of+the+events+giving+rise+to+insurance+claim.+ + B.

Challenges+to+venue:+transfers+and+dismissals(transfer+only+between+feds)+ 28+U.S.C.§1404(a)+(proper+but+inconvenient)+ court+has+discretion:+convenience,+interest+of+justice,+all+agree+ + 28+U.S.C.§1406(a)+(improper)+ court+has+no+discretion:+dismiss+or+transfer+ + In+ §1404(a),+ “choice+ of+ law”+ rules+ of+ the+ transferor+ court+ apply+ even+ after+transfer—transfer+under§1404(a)+ is+simply+a+change+in+courtroom.+ The+same+rule+doesn’t+apply+to+ §1406(a)。（exception:+Forum+Selection+ Clause）+ + Macmunn+v.+Eli+lilly+Co.+ Transfer+from+one+proper+venue+to+another+proper+venue:+If+convenience+ and+ justice+ favor+ transfer,+ that+ is+ ok.+ Court+ has+ discretion+ to+ make+ this+ decision,+ case+ by+ case+ based+ on+ the+ facts.+ Court+ looks+ at+ private+ interest+ factors+and+public-interest+factors+ + Forum+Non+Conveniens+ Common+ law+ doctrine.+ It+ allows+ a+ court+ to+ dismiss+ an+ action+ if+ the+ court+ finds+that+the+forum+would+be+too+inconvenient+for+parties+and+witnesses+ and+that+another,+more+convenient,+venue+is+available.+ + Piper+Aircraft+co.+v.+Reyno+ Court+held+that+the+forum+non+convenienes+was+available+as+there+were+so+ many+ connections+ to+ Scotland+ regarding+ the+ evidence+ they+ thought+ was+ important.+Public+interest+favor+Scotland.+

（Supreme Court indicated that, in determining whether an alternative forum exists, if the remedy provided by the alternative forum is so clearly inadequate or unsatisfactory that it is no remedy at all, the unfavorable change in law may be given substantial weight and the district court may conclude that dismissal would not be in the interests of justice. But the Court also stated that this standard is not met merely when the remedy provided by the alternate forum is either more difficult to obtain or not as lavish as that provided by the law that would be applied by the initially chosen forum. ）

+ Forum+Selection+Clause+ 1) Such+ clauses+ are+ generally+ enforced+ if+ they+ are+ not+ the+ product+ of+ overreaching+ or+ unconscionable+ behavior.+ In+ addition,+ the+ Sct.+ Has+ held+ that+ a+ valid+ forum+ selection+ clause+ does+ not+ make+ venue+ improper+in+other+districts.+ 2) Party+ to+ a+ valid+ forum+ selection+ clause+ ma+ seek+ enforcement+ of+ the+

provision+ through+ a+ motion+ to+ transfer+ under+ §1404(a)+ (consider+ private+and+public+interests)+ 3) In+ applying+ §1404(a),+ P’s+ choice+ of+ forum+ and+ private+ interest+ factors+are+irrelevant+because+ the+parties+ already+agreed+ to+litigate+in+ a+ particular+ forum.+ The+ court+ may+ only+ consider+ public+ interest+ factors.+ 4) In+ a+ §1404(a)+ transfer+ to+ enforce+ a+ forum+ selection+ clause—the+ transferee+court+applies+its+own+choice+of+law+rules.+ + In+ determine+ whether+ the+ common+ law+ doctrine+ applies,+ some+ of+ the+ factors+that+are+generally+considered:+ 1) the+availability+of+an+alternative+forum+ 2) the+location+of+the+parties,+witnesses+and+evidence+ 3) the+law+that+will+apply+(+in+extreme+cases)+ + Properly+filed+cases—SMJ+PJ+Venue+ +

Pleading( A.

Basic+Pleading+ The+Complaint+ Serve+as+gatekeeper,+rules+develop+to+sort+out+cases+ -“factually+sufficient”(4+different+standards)+ 1. code/fact+pleading+ in+CA,+they+have+specific+rules+ 2. notice+pleading+ FRCP8+(jurisdiction++entitled+to+relief++demand+relief)+ 3. heightened+pleading+ FRCP9+(fraud,+mistake…need+additional+info)+ 4. plausibility+pleading+(Twombly/Igbal)+ -“legally+sufficient”+ ask+P+if+true,+will+law+provide+remedy?+ + Notice+Pleading+ FRCP8(a)(4)+alternative+and+inconsistent+statements+are+permitted+ Dioguardi+v.+Durning+ there+is+no+pleading+requirement+of+stating+facts+sufficient+to+constitute+a+ cause+of+action+but+only+there+be+a+short+and+plain+statement.+ Complaint+ should+ not+ be+ dismissed+ for+ failure+ to+ state+ a+ claim+ unless+ it+ appears+beyond+doubt+that+the+P+can+prove+no+set+of+facts+in+support+of+his+ claim+which+would+entitle+him+to+relief.(Conley+v.+Gibson)+ Doe+v.+Smith+ Pleading+in+fed+court+does+not+need+to+allege+facts+corresponding+to+each+ element+of+a+statute.+It+is+enough+to+simply+state+a+claim+for+relief.+

B.

+ Heightened+Pleading+ Leatherman+v.+Tarrant+County+Narcotics+Intelligence&+Coordination+Unit+ Fed+ ct+ may+ not+ apply+ a+ “heightened+ pleading+ standard”+ more+ stringent+ than+usual+ pleading+requirements+of+rule+ 8—unless+specifically+provided+ for+under+rules+like+rule+9.+ + Plausibility+Pleading+ Ashcroft+v.+Iqbal+ P+ is+ Pakistan,+ Muslim.+ After+ 911,+ P+ was+ arrested+ and+ detained.+ P+ said+ unconstitutional+because+of+race+and+religion.+ Threadbare+ recitals+ of+ the+ elements+ of+ a+ cause+ of+ action+ do+ not+ suffice.+ Only+a+complaint+that+states+a+plausible+claim+for+relief+survives+a+motion+ to+dismiss.+Determining+whether+a+complaint+states+a+“plausible”+claim+for+ relief+ will+ be+ a+ context+ specific+ task+ that+ requires+ the+ reviewing+ court+ to+ draw+on+its+judicial+experience+and+common+sense.+ Iqbal’s+ complaint+ was+ insufficient,+ as+ it+ only+ contained+ legal+ allegations,+ and+ failed+ to+ claim+ a+ plausible+ discrimination+ claim.+ A+ complaint+ must+ contain+enough+factual+allegations+to+show+the+claimed+violations.+ （when+both+guilty+and+innocent+explanations+are+possible,+P+must+plead+ something+ more+ by+ way+ of+ factual+ content+ to+ nudge+ his+ claim+ across+ the+ line+from+conceivable+to+plausible）+ + Responding+to+the+complaint+ 3+strategic+choices+to+respond+to+the+complaint+ 1. do+nothing+(default+judgment+FRCP55)+ 2. Motion+(FRCP12)+ 3. Answer+(FFRCP8)+ + FRCP55+

only the court can enter a default judgment if plaintiff’s claim is not “for a sum certain or a sum that can be made certain by computation.” FRCP 55(b)(1). When there is any doubt about the amount of damages, then only the court can enter the judgment. See FRCP 55(b)(2). “in the Rule 55 context, a claim is not a sum certain unless there is no doubt as to the amount to which a claimant is entitled as a result of the defendant’s default”, stating that the court cannot award the amount of the ad damnum clause in the complaint when the proper amount is uncertain). The usual example of a dispute involving a sum certain, in which resort to “extrinsic proof” is not needed to determine damages, is an action to enforce a money judgment or a negotiable instrument. (rule permits the clerk to enter a default judgment for liability and damages, the clerk may do so only if it is clear from the complaint, without resort to extrinsic evidence, that the damages sought are for a sum certain. )

+

C.

Motions+ FRCP12+ a)+time+ + + + + within+21+days+ b)+defenses+ h)+ waiver+ + + b(2)—b(5)defenses+ are+ subject+ to+ waiver,+ all+ should+ be+ included+ before+ or+ in+ the+ answer(PJ,+ venue,+ process,+ service+ of+ process);+ other+defenses+can+be+raised+at+any+time.+ Hunter+v.+Serv-tech,+Inc.+ + Answers+ + FRCP8+ 1. admissions+(b)(1)(B)+ + undisputed+facts+need+no+trial+ 2. denials+(b)(1)(B)+ + + + join+issue+on+contested+matters+ 3. lack+of+info+(b)(5)+ + + join+issue+on+contested+matters+ 4. affirmative+defenses+(c)+eg.+Statute+of+Limitation+ Reis+Robotics,+USA,+Inc+v.+Concept+Industries,+Inc.+ Court+can+allow+to+strike+affirmative+defenses+according+ to+Rule+12+f,+if+it+ does+not+comply+with+the+pleading+requirements.+ + Care+and+candor+in+pleading+ FRCP11+makes+attorneys+potentially+subject+to+sanctions+for:+ -Frivolous+arguments+ -Containing+ representations+ unsupported+ by+ the+ evidence+ and/or+ law(existing+law;+law+change+after+filing,+lawyer+must+change+legal+theory.+ he+cannot+do+anything+based+on+previous+law,+or+he+will+violate+rule11)+ + -An+improper+purpose+ + Hays+v.+Sony+Corp.+of+America+ Teachers+at+the+high+school+put+together+a+manual+which+they+asked+Sony+ to+apply+to+a+model,+what+they+did+but+they+never+charged+the+school+for+it.+ It+was+done+for+free.+The+teachers+who+wrote+the+manual,+got+a+copy+right+ and+got+ a+ suit+against+ Sony.+When+ suit+ was+filed,+ the+common+ law+ action+ for+ copyright+ had+ been+ superseded+ by+ fed.+ statute+ and+ was+ no+ longer+ available.(common+law+was+abolished)+ Rule+ 11+ requires+ lawyers+ to+ make+ a+ reasonable+ factual+ and+ legal+ inquiry+ before+filing+a+complaint.+ + Hunter+v.+Earthgrains+Co.+Bakery+ There+was+contrary+precedent+that+existed+in+the+circuit+that+went+against+ the+argument+P’s+counsel+was+making.+ The+ appellate+ court+ said:+ it+ may+ be+ the+ precedent+ in+ this+ circuit,+ but+ the+ circuits+ are+ split+ on+ these+ issues+ and+ the+ attorney+ is+ free+ to+ argue+ that+ other+ circuits’+ decisions+ should+ apply.+ Argument+ from+ counsel+ was+ adopted.+ You+ can+ argue+ that+ there+ be+ a+ change+ of+ law,+ especially+ when+

D.

split+ on+ an+ issue,+ you+ have+ to+ alert+ the+ court+ that+ there+ was+ a+ division+ within+ the+ circuits.+ Court+ made+ clear+ that+ lawyers+ have+ an+ obligation+ to+ represent+ their+ clients.+ You+ can+ also+ argue+ for+ a+ change+ of+ the+ law+ as+ a+ lawyer+if+it+is+beneficial.(legal+theory+still+exist)+ Rule+11+sanctions+only+if+an...