Introduction to English Language prelim 110 PDF

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Summary

persistence of one’s initial conceptions when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives...

Description

Afro-Asian Literature – literary output of the various countries and cultures in Africa and Asia  Oral traditions and from the first contemporary written and/or published prose and poetry  BACKGROUND: dates to the very beginning when the first mixed race individual started writing  earlier written documents were based on stories passed by word of mouth  handed from generation to generation to entertain, educate, and remind people about their past, heroic deeds of their people, ancestry, and culture  Mirrors not only the customs and traditions of African and Asian countries but also their philosophy of life which on the whole are deeply and predominantly contemplative and hauntingly sweet  Reflection of the storm and stress of developing nations seeking a place under the sun which every student must understand so he may know how this literature affects the history and culture of a nation  Sign of new and modern times  Teaches people and allow them to learn about different experiences and cultures from all over the world   

Asia has extremely diverse climates and geographic features. Climates range from arctic to subarctic in Siberia to tropical in India and Southeast Asia It is moist across southeast sections and dry across much of the interior. Some of the largest daily temperature ranges on Earth occur in western sections of Asia The monsoon circulation dominates across southern and eastern sections, due to the presence of the Himalayas forcing the formation of a thermal low which draws in moisture during the summer. Southwestern sections of the continent are hot

EAST ASIA  China  North Korea  South Korea SOUTH ASIA  Afghanistan  Bangladesh  Bhutan  India  Iran

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SUBREGIONS:  Western – Nigeria  Eastern – Ethiopia      

Mongolia Japan

Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka

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Northern – Egypt Middle – Congo

Youngest continent in terms of its population – 50% are 19 years old or younger Despite some fast-growing economies, it continues to have some of the highest child malnutrition rates and lack of schooling rates in the world Considered by most paleoanthropologists to be the oldest inhabited territory on Earth, with human species originating from the continent Largest of the three great southward projections from the largest landmass of the Earth LARGEST COUNTRY: (1) Algeria, (2) Democratic Republic of Congo, (3) Sudan Where proto-human fossils were found

Chinese – Tibetan Family Mandarin – standardized, 1200 BC and 1.2B people use it Highest degree of culture is respect Singapore, Hong Kong, Yokohama, and Bombay are the busiest ports in Asia

Africa = Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean/Suez canal, red sea, Europe = Mediterranean Sea and Straits of Gibraltar Asia = Arctic, Pacific, Indian, Red Asia is the first largest continent with Africa being the second largest and most populous “Cry the Beloved Country” told how the Africans suffered from the Whites Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya share the Nile River Greek, Hebrew, Armenian

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Literary works of Afro-Asian tell people about the unique struggles and successes of Afro-Asian people GENRES: playwriting, poems, prose  Poems – tells about history and culture of the Afro-Asian people  Haikus, ballads, or sonnets PLAYWRIGHTS: celebrate their own culture and ancestry by setting plays in the past and referencing historical events in their storylines. When performed, this will feature backdrops and costumes t=which reflects the culture and unique spirit of Afro-Asian people PROSE: used to expose the truth, draw a reader deeper into a story, and describe objects, places, and people Body of writings – literature – word of mouth (oral) South Asia = India, Afghanistan, Pakistan

NORMS AND CULTURES Norms – standard or pattern, especially of social behavior, that is typical or expected of a group Culture – shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs, and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization  These shared patterns identify the members of a culture group while also distinguishing those of another group  The highest degree of culture is embodied with a virtue of respecting other human, either as an individual or a part of a community. It is no surprise that in this phase, people of Asia and Africa adapt the culture of mutual cooperation Customs and Traditions – way of doing/believing  Philosophy of life NORMS AND CULTURES: AFRICA  Africa has 300 distinct ethnic groups and 2,000 languages.  Home to the most genetically diverse people on Earth. So diverse that two Africans are more genetically different from each other than a Chinese and European are from each other  World’s second largest and second most populous continent. There are generations which do define Africa, but none are that exclusive  Sense of Community – “Go the way that many people go; if you go alone, you will have reason to lament”  Isea of security  National unity, identifies first with own tribe  The African idea of security and its value depends on personal identification within the community  Sense of Good Human Relations – art of dialogue and conversation is a cherished value in Africa  People freely discuss their problems and look for suggestions and solutions together. The unwillingness to talk to people about either private or public affairs can be interpreted as manners or sign of enmity  Sense of Hospitality – Africans easily incorporate strangers and give them lands to settle hoping that it would go one day, and the land would revert to the owner  Have symbolic ways of expressing (kola nuts, traditional gin, coconuts)  Asian values are inter-related. They all support the view of individual as being a part of a much larger group or family and place great importance on the well-being of the group, even at the expense of the individual  FAMILY AND EDUCATION:  A number of Asian students have done conspicuously well in terms of test scores, gifted student programs, admissions to prestigious schools, academic awards, and in classical music. Though obviously not all Asians fit this pattern,  This trend can be attributed primarily to the basic notion of the family  Great importance is placed on child rearing, and education is a fundamental aspect of this.  Asian parents are more likely to spend much more time with their children and drive them harder  RESERVE CONFORMITY AND HARMONY:  The greatest virtue that can achieve is not greatness of one’s self, which is viewed as being selfish and self-centered, but of fulfilling his or her role in the whole of the family or group  BENEVOLENCE AND OBLIGATION:  Asian societies tend to be very hierarchical  Dependence or domination  While children might be obligated to follow their parent’s wishes very closely at the expense of their own independence, the parents are also expected to raise support, and educate them far in excess of what might be expected by African standards  LOSS OF FACE, SHAME, AND HONOR:  Losing face is one of the better known Asian concepts  Shame and honor go far beyond the individual, and reflect directly upon ones’ family, nation, or other group, and so is taken very seriously  Maintaining good face is a kind of measurement of how well one has maintained faith to traditional values, and ones’ social standing among others  Strong control mechanism which reinforces all other Asian values

NORMS AND CULTURE GENERAL  Afro-Asian countries usually cared for their family first; then they are fond of their social values; and specially, their love for their own country.  Active in celebrating festivals that reflects their own characteristics as an Asian. They are religious because they give importance to 'The Creator' by giving thanks and offering prayers to Him.  Active if we talk about literature because they are good writers.  Talented on different branch of sports and arts that they are about to compete worldwide. CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE  African literature is as diverse as the continent itself, but several characteristics and themes prevail throughout much of the written works emerging from Africa  Great emphasis on the history, culture, and customs of a group of people when telling their stories  Afro-Asian’s literary works were handed by mouth from generation to generation to entertain, educate and remind the people about their past, heroic deeds of their people, ancestry and culture.  Sign of new and modern times. It also teaches people and allow them to learn about different experiences and cultures from all over the world.   

Literature appeals to man’s higher nature and its needs– emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and creativity It entertains and gives pleasure; it fires the imagination and arouses noble emotions and it enriches man by enabling him to reflect on life and by filling him with new ideas. Plays are not included

DIVISIONS OF LITEREATURE PROSE FORM paragraph LANGUAGE

ordinary

APPEAL

intellect Convince, inform, instruct, imitate, reflect

AIM

POETRY stanza/verse metrical, rhythmical, and figurative emotion Stirs imagination and sets an ideal life

LITERARY GENRES OF LITERATURE Non-Fiction – “real life” narration or exposition based on history and facts  Article, autobiography, biography, diary, essay, memoir, speech, interview, letter Fiction – imaginative narration, either oral or written  Fantasy, folklore, historical fiction, mystery, prose fiction, science fiction, thriller, suspense, romance, realistic fiction, psychological fiction Drama – meant to be acted on the stage  Comedy, tragedy Poetry – expressed in verse, measure and rhythm, sound and imaginative language.  Lyric, narrative, dramatic Harlem Renaissance – a period in American history from the 1920s and 1930s  Many African-Americans migrated from the South to Northern cities, seeking economic and creative opportunities  Within their communities creative expression became an outlet for writers, musicians, artists, and photographers, with a particular concentration in Harlem, New York.  "Harlem Renaissance" did not appear in print before 1940, and it only gained widespread appeal in the 1960s.  During the four preceding decades, writers had mostly referred to a "Negro Renaissance”  Revival of Afro-American literature HISTORY  With the end of the Civil War in 1865, hundreds of thousands of African Americans newly freed from the yoke of slavery in the South began to dream of fuller participation in American society, including political empowerment, equal economic opportunity, and economic and cultural self-determination  By the late 1870s, that dream was largely dead, as white supremacy was quickly restored to the Reconstruction South. White lawmakers on state and local levels passed strict racial segregation laws known as “Jim Crow laws” that made African Americans second-class citizens  While a small number of African Americans were able to become landowners, most were exploited as sharecroppers, a system designed to keep them poor and powerless

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Hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) perpetrated lynchings and conducted campaigns of terror and intimidation to keep African Americans from voting or exercising other fundamental rights.

ECONOMY With booming economies across the North and Midwest offering industrial jobs for workers of every...