Introduction to Literary Studies I PDF

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SUMMARY'':'LITERARY'STUDIES'' ! What!is!Literature?!! "Literature)is)a)large)word;)it)may)mean)everything)written)with)letters)or)printed)in)a)book.)All) knowledge)that)reaches)is)through)books)literature".))-)Matthew'Arnold') -'no'right'or'wrong'definition'' -'image'of'reality'' -'is'not'only'defined'by'intrinsic'but'by'extrinsic'characteristics ' '

! PURPOSE!OF!LITERATURE!! Plato'' -'poetry'='waste'of'time,'imitation'of'reality,'deals'with'appearance'rather'than'truth'' -'it'is'not'allowed'in'the''perfect'state'' -'art'='inferior'to'other'science' -'he'saw'no'intrinsic'value'in'literature,'denigrated'it'as'mere'imitation''

' Aristotle'' -'imitation'is'part'of'human'nature'->'humans'learn'through'and'by'imitation'' -'mimesis':'imitation'reveals'universal'truths'' -'literature'represents'universal''historiography'represents'particular''

' Horace'' -'function'of'literature'='pleasure'and'profit''

' William'Wordsworth'' -'saw'text'as'product'of'creative'mind'-'poetic'genius'' -'defined'it'as'the'spontaneous''overflow'of'powerful'feelings''

' Edgar'Allan'Poe'' -'no'reference'to'reality'->'poem'is'there'to'be'beautiful'' -'l'art'pour'l'art'''

' !Different'concepts'of'defining'literature'' -'mimesis'or'aesthetic'imitation'' ->'relates'to'referential'functions'of'literature' -'delight'and'educate'' ' ' ->'relates'to'the'effect'literature'has'no'readers'' -'expression'of''author's'subjectivity'' -'l'art'pour'l'art'' ' ' '->'concerned'with'the'text'or'the'message'itself''

' ' LITERARY!COMMUNICATION! ! '

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' ' '' MEDIUM' ' '''''''''''''''CODES'' ' ' ' ' '''''-'written'word'is'commonly'' -' refers'to'rules,'context,' ' ' ''' ''''''considered'medium'of'text' '''aesthetic'conventions'' ' ' ' ''''-'orality,'ebooks,'hypertexts,'' '''of'language'' ' ' ' ' ' ''''''comics,'graphic'novels,' '''and'narrative'' ' ' '''' ''''''audio'books' ' ' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''->'use'different'medium'' '''''''''''''CONTEXT'' ' ' ' ''''''''''''''''''''''''than'the'written'text'' '-'refers'to'cultural'' ' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''' ''''->'they'are'non'the'less'lit.'' ''circumstances,'historical'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ''''''''''''''''''period,'political'climate'' ' ' ' ' ' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''climate,'Zeitgeist,'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ''ideological'framing' ' ' ' ' ' ' ''

! ! GENRES' -'form'system'of'groups'of'texts'defined'by'sets'of'conventions' -'often'distinguished'by':'' -'form'of'communication'' (e.g'narrative,!drama)' ''' ' ' ' -'mood'or'attitude'' ' ' ''(elegy,!satire)''' ' ' ' ' -'content'' ' ''''''''''''(crime,!science-fiction)' ' ' ' ' -'relation'to'reality''' '''''(mimetic!vs.!non-mimetic)' ' ' ' ' -'aesthetic'effect'' ' '''''''''(comedy,!horror)' ' ' ' !

! METAFICTION! -'when'author'deliberately'breaks'illusion'of'narrative'by'commenting'on'the'rules'' ''and'convention'of'fiction'' -'narrator'reflects'on'the'fact'that'he'is'writing'a'text'' -'he'addresses'the'reader' -'ironizes'his'own'role'as'the'teller'of'a'story' '

! LITERARY!HISTORY!! -'production'of'texts'in'particular'historical'situations' -''the'role'of'the'author'(not'only'life,'what'does'it'mean'to'be'author' -'the'laws'concerning'censorship'(moral,'social,'political)' -'contextualizes'them'with'other'texts'and'events'at'the'time'' -'looks'at'conditions'for'producing'literature'at'a'specific'time'(e.g.'book'market)' -'looks'at'the'reception'of'literature,'at'the'audience'' -'literary'history'never'disinterested'but'always'written'from'a'specific'point'of'view'

' ! CANON!FORMATION!! -'canon'contains'those'books'which'are'considered'to'be'valued'and'hailed'as'' ''great'literary'achievements'->'books'are'taught'in'schools'and'universities'and'' ''bought'for'liberaries'' -'very'few'woman'or'writers'of'color'in'traditionals'canons'' -'critics'assumed'that'race,'class,'gender,'rather'than'a'lack'of'literary'='' '''reason'of'exclusion'of'certain'groups' -'started'canon'wars'(1980's)' -'liberal'critique':'' ''selected'canons'because'authors'belonged'to'certain'groups'(white,'male,'middle'class)' -'conservative'critique':'' ''selected'because'of'specific'aesthetic''

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Whats!is!Criticism?!! ! LITERARY!THEORY!/!LITERARY!CRITICISM!! -'literary'theory'defines'what'is'literature'' -'literary'criticism'analyzes'and'interprets'literary'texts''

' ANALYSIS!!! -'investigates'properties'of'the'text':'''''''''-'codes'the'text'uses' ' ' ' ' ''' ''''''-'convention'it'follows'or'breaks'' ' ' ' ' ' ''''''-'literary'techniques'and'rhetorical'strategies' ' ' ' ' ' ''''''-'imagery,'poetics,'meter/rhyme'' ' ' ' ' ' ''''''-'narrative'situation' ' ' ' ' ' ''''''-'explanation'how'a'text'creates'meaning'' '

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INTERPRETATION!! -'is'grounded'in'analysis'but'goes'one'step'further'->'figures'out'what'a'text'means'' -'deals'with'how'we'understand'texts'' ->HERMENEUTICS' ='interpretation'of'texts'' -''most'famous'modern'follower':'Hans-Georg'Gadamer'' ->'language'='social'matter,'belongs'to'society'before'it'belongs'to'the'subject'' -'meaning'of'work'of'literature'isn't'determined'by'author'and'its'meaning'isn't'fixed''''' ''once'and'for'all' -'understanding'and'interpretation'of'a'text'='depends'on'language,'historical'context'' -'approach'literary'texts'with'certain'presuppositions'and'expectations'' -'compare'these'to'the'prejudices'and'presuppositions,'were'brought'to'the'reading'of'the'text'' -'understanding'of'a'text'moves'in'a'hermeneutic'circle'' '' 'HERMENEUTIC'CIRCLE' '='movement'between':''readers'expectation'+'conjectures'(based'on'individual'prejudices)' -'text'that'affirms'or'frustrates'these'expectations'' -'interaction'and'merge'of'readers'mental'horizon'and'texts'horizon'' -'reread'the'text'every'reading'is'a'new'meaning' -'texts'='offer'possible'solutions'for'problems'' -'GOAL'='to'understand'question,'solution,'other'possible'solutions'which'aren't'discussed'by'the''author''

''' ! NEW!CRITICISM' -'developed'in'England'(before'and'during'2nd'world'war)'!->'to'America'' -'became'most'prominent'school'of'literary'theory'until'1960s'' -'close'reading'='technique'to'study'texts'in'isolation,'regardless'of'their'contexts'' -'literary'work'was'regarded'and'treated'as'an'autonomous'piece'of'art'' -'interpretation'concentrates'on'text'as'aesthetic'object'only'' -'irrelevant':'author's'intention'to'meaning'of'text,'emotional'response'of'reader'to'be' '''' '''''''''''confused'with'the'meaning'of'the'poem'''

' W.K'Wimsatt'and'Monroe'C.'Beardsly:'' "The'Intentional'Fallacy"'->'(mistake'you'can'make'as'reader)' -'denotes'inaccuracies'possible'when'authorial'intentions'become'consideration'in'close'reading' "The'Affective'Fallacy"'->'(trap'you'walk'into)' -'describes'readers'extreme,'undisciplined,'emotional'response'to'text,'may'distort'correct'''' ''interpretation'of'animals'' !

RECEPTION!THEORY!! -'focus'on'how'texts'are'recieved'->'auditions,'reader'of'text'' -'divide'modern'literary'history'into'preoccupation'with'the'author'(romanticism),''' ''the'text'(New'Criticism),'marked'shift'to'reader'in'recent'years' '

Roman'Ingarden''

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''Stanley'Fish''

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='very'influencial'for'reception'theory'' ' -'Reader-Respond'Criticism' ->'the'literary'work'consists'merely'of'a'set'of'' -'goes'further'than'Iser'' ''''schemata'or'general'directions'' ' ' -'true'writer'is'the'reader'who'over-' ''''that'the'reader'must'actualize.'' ' ' ''throws'power'of'author'and'install' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ''him'or'herself'as'an'authority'' Wolfgang'Iser'(The'Act)of)Reading'(1978)' -'we'need'to'be'familiar'with'literary'techniques'and'conventions'when'reading' -'every'text'has'gaps'' -'we'must'also'mobilize'our'social'knowledge'' -'most'effective'literary'work'is'one'which'forces'the'reader'into'new'critical' ''awareness'and'understanding'->'whole'point'of'reading':'get'deeper'level'of'consciousness' ' '

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! What!is!Poetry?! -'nothing'different'to'favorite'song''

' Burton'Rafael'' -'disciplines,'compact,'verbal'utterance'in'some'more'or'less'musical'mode' -'dealing'with'some'aspects'of'internal/external'reality'in'some'meaningful'way'

' Paul'Hunter'(emotional'aspect'of'poetry)' -'Poems'provide'language'for'feeling'' -'attempt'to'express'the'inexpressible''

' Michael'Meyer' -'anything'between'epic,'story'in'verse,'lyric'and'short,'subjective,'melodious'poem' ' -'poetry'has'to'be'red'out'loud'' -'example':'Andrew'Marvell'(1621-1678)':'"to'his'coy'Mistress"(1681)' ''belonged'to'group'of'metaphysical'Poets' ' ''''''''''

! METAPHYSICAL!POETS!! -'loosely'connected'group'of'English'poets'of'17th'century'(Johne'Donne,'George'Herbert)' -'their'style'was'characterized'by'WIT'(knowledge)'and'CONCEITS'(a'rhetorical'figure)' -'Wit':''signified'qualities'of'the'mind,'attributes'of'wisdom'and'intellectual'force' -'Conceits':''far-fetched'metaphor'that'connects'two'very'different'things'or'realms' -'contemporaries'denigrated'+'criticized'metaphysical'poetry'for'its' '"scholastic'quiddities"'' ' T.S'Eliot'' -'modernist'American'poet'revaluated'this'style'' ->'fit'his'impersonal'theory'of'poetry,'' '''''superior'to'romantic'poetry'->'did'not'utter'subjective'emotion,'' ''''translated'personal'experience'and'feeling'into'objective'images' '

! POETIC!!FORM! Meter'and'Rhythm':' ! -'Prosody'':'study'of'sound'and'rhythm'in'poetry'aid'to'reading'and'hearing'poems''' -'The'rhythm'of'a'passage':'pattern'of'sound'pulsation'in'voice'as'one'reads'it'' -'The'rhythm'of'language':'structured'by'stress'and'unstressed'syllables''' -'Stress':'recurs'at'quite'regular'intervals'='when'rhythm'has'a'pattern,'result'='meter' -'Meter':'''measured'in'feet,'foot'normally'consists'of'a'stressed'+'1'or'more'unstressed'syllables' -'Blank'verse':'unrhymed'iambic'pentameter' -'Free'verse':''no'regular'but'nonetheless'rhythmic'effect'' ' '

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!!!!! !!!!!Table!of!Line!length!!! ' '''-'refers'to'number'of'feet'in'a'line'of'poetry'(5'in'English'p.)' ' '''-'monometer' ''''' '(one'foot)' ' '''-'dimeter' '' '(two'feet)' ' ''''-'trimeter' ''''''''''''''(three'feet)' ' ''''-'tetrameter' ''' (four'feet)' ' ''''-'pentameter' ''' '(five'feet)' ' ''''-'hexameter'''''''''' '''(six'feet)' ' ''''-'heptameter' '''''''''''''(seven'feet)' ''''''''''''''''''''-'octameter' '''''''''''''''(eight'feet)' !

' Stanza!Forms!' -'most'poems'are'divided'into'stanzas'='' ''groups'of'lines'with'specific'cogency'of'their'own'and'usually'set'off'' ''from'one'another'by'a'space''' -'Stanzas'with'no'names'='designated'by'number'of'lines':'' ' -'triplet''' -'quatrain' -'quintet' -'sextain''

(three-line'stanza)' ''(four-line'stanza)' '''(five-line'stanza)' '''''(six-line'stanza)'

' ' 'Ballad'Stanzas'' -'four'lines':' -'second'and'fourth'are'iambic'trimeter'and'rhyme'with'each'other'' -'first'and'third'do'not'rhyme''

' ! Sonnet!! (has'two'principles'of'division)' '' I.#English#or#Shakespearean#Sonnet#' '-'works'very'well'for'constructing'a'poem'that'wants'to'make'a'' '''three-step'argument'with'quick'summary'at'the'end' -'divides'into'three'units'of'four'lines'each'and'final'unit'of'two'lines'(4-4-4-2)':' !!!!!abab!

!!!!cdcd! !!!!efef! !!!! !!!!gg!

! II.#Italian#Sonnet# -'octave'states'proposition'or'generalization'' -'sestet'provides'particularization'or'application'of'it'->'final'lines'reverse'first'eight'' '''achieve'paradox'or'irony'' -'fundamental'break'is'between'first'eight'lines'(octave)'and'the'last'six'(sestet)':'

''''abba! !!!!!abba! ! !!!!!cdc! !!!!!cdc!! !

! ! ANALYZING!POETRY!! -'Poetry'is'marked'by':'''-'language'cast'in'verse' ' ' ' ''''-'verses'grouped'in'stanzas' ' ' ' ''''-'brevity,'concentration,'reduction' ' ' ' ''''-'expression'of'subjectivity'(persona/voice)' ' ' ' ''''-'specialized'language' ' ' ' ''''-'suggestive'imagery'' ' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''-'rhythm,'meter,'sound'patterns' ' ' ' ''''-'aesthetic'self-referentiality' -'poems'have'speaker'or'personas'hat'are'not'be'confused'with'the'author'' -'author'creates'persona,'voice,'speaker,'lyrical'I' -'speaker'presents'feelings,'observations'to'implicit/explicit'listener,'fictive'address'' -'tone,'mood,'atmosphere'by'poem'through'semantics,'syntax,'imagery,'sound'' '

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! NARRATOLOGY!! Narrative''' -'differs'from'other'genres'->'STORY,'PLOT' -'written,'oral'narratives' -'fiction,'non-fiction'narratives' -'narratives'that'rely'on'text'or'on'other'media'of'representation''

' Story'vs.'Discourse'' -'story'refers'to'chronological'sequence'of'narrative'event' -'discourse'refers'to'shaping'of'this'material'by'the'narrator''

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! TORY!!! hat'is'told?)'

!!'NARRATIVE'

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ISCOURSE! !!!!!!!!!!!!(how'is'it'told?)''!

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I.!STORY!-'what'is'told?' ! PLOT' '

SINGLE'AND'MULTIPLE'PLOTS'' -'beginnings'and'endings'are'very'important'in'a'story'' -'stories'can'commence':'in)media)res''''''''(in'the'middle'of'the'action)' ' ' ))))))))))))))))))))in)ultimas)res''(from'the'ending)' ' '''' ''''''''''''''''''''ab)ovo'''''''''''''''(giving'plenty'of'introductory'+'antecedent'information)'' '

ENDINGS' -'closed''' -'open'' ' -'expected'' ' ' -'unexpected'' ' ''' '

(conflicts'are'resolved,'problems'solved,'justice'regained)' (characters''fates'remain'open,'problems'unsolved)' ("occurs'when'poetic'justice'or'a'fail'allocation'of'reward'and'punishment'is'brought'to'' bear'upon'the'character)'' ("results'from'unexpected'intervention'of'an'external'agency,'which'has'not'been'' ' involved'in'the'plot'up'to'this'point,'it'is'referred'to'as'a''deus)ex)machina)ending'.")'

CHARACTERS'' -'persons'represented'in'dramatic'or'narrative'work'' -'interpreted'by'the'reader'as'possessing'particular'moral' ' FORMS' -'flat'' ' (static,'types'rather'than'individuals)' -'round''' (dynamic'multidimensional)' -'transparent'' (fully'explained)' -'opaque'' (enigmatic)' -'major''' (protagonist)' -'minor' ' (antagonist)' ' '

SETTING' -'is'more'than'simply'the'physical'location'->'It'can'create'a'certain'atmosphere' -'refers'to':'''''' -'the''actual'place'where'the'story'is'set'' ' ' -'the'historical'time' ' ' -'the'cultural'context' ' ' -'the'social'milieu' '

'' II.!DISCOURSE!-'how'is'it'told?' ' NARRATIVE'SITUATIONS'' -'two'different'approaches'to'analyze'narrative'situations' '

I.!Stanzel! '' -'authorical'narrator'' :' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -'first'person'narrator' :' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -'figural'narrative'situation':' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' !

-"offers'a'godlike,'panoramic'view'from'an'Olympic'position'outside,' ''above'the'story"' -'not'part'of'narrated'functional'world'' -'unlimited'knowledge'+'access'' -'imitation'of'divine'perspective'on'human'world'' -'can'split'up'in':'experiencing'I'/'narrating'I'' -'can'split'up'in':'I-as-protagonist'/I-as-witness' -'part'of'narrated'world'' -'involved'in'events'either'as'a'protagonist'or'character' -'limited'access,'no'insight'into'other'characters''thoughts'and'feelings'' -'sometimes'temporal'distance'between'narrated'events'and'narration'' -'third'person'narrator,'but'n.'is'not'a'recognizable'figure' -'world'through'eyes'of'a'character' -'one'or'more'characters'of'narration'='used'as'reflector'figures' -'events'are'presented'as'experienced'' '

II.!Genette! -''Genette'took'Stanzels''own'distinction'betwen'narrator'+'reflector'figure'-'distinguish'between'Voice'and'Focalization!'''

-'tried'to'clarify'Stanzel's'terminology'by'distinguishing'between'narration'and'focalization' -''who'speaks''(Voice/Focalization)' -''who'experiences''(Focalization)' ' '

NARRATOR'' ' -'extradiegetic':' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -'intradiegetic':' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -'heterodiegetic':'' ' ' ' -'homodiegetic':''' ' ' ' ' -'autodiegetic':' ' ' ' ' ' -'overt':'' ' ' ' ' ' -'covert':'' ' ' -'unreliable':'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

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-'located'at'level'of'narrative'' ''transmission'' -'narrate'the'frame'narrative'

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-'part'of'narrated'world'' -'located'at'level'of'the'story' -'tell'embedded'story'within'frame'story'' ''told'by'extradiegetic'narrator'

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-'does'not'belong'to'world'of'characters' ' -'if'narrator'appears'within'the'world'of'' ''characters'

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-'a'homodiegetic'narrator'who'is'identical''with'main'protagonist''+'narrates' ''his'or'her'own'life'story,'instead'of'just'being'an'observer'or'witness'

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-'appears'a'individualized'persona'to'which'the'reader'is'encouraged'' -'attribute'persona'characteristics'and'value'judgments''

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-'anonymous,'reader'gains'very'little'information'

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-'account'and'interpretation'='mistrust'->'some'signals'could'be':' ''contrasting'version'of'same'event,'verbal'tics,'memory'labs,..)' '

' FOCALIZATION' -'act'of'focalization'refers'to':''Who'perceives?'Who'thinks?'Who'feels'?' -'identify'focalizer'in'a'text'->'identify'subject'of'verbs'perception'(thinking,'feeling,'remembering)'' ' -'zero':'' ' -'Narrative'perspective'cannot'be'attributed'to'someone'in'particular'' ' ' ''(no'restrictions)' ' -'external:'' -'focuses'only'on'characters'action'or'behavior,'excluding'feeling'or'thinking'' ' -'internal':'' -'locates'perspective'within'a'character' ' ' -'limiting'perspective'this'characters'feelings' ' ' -'can'vary'between':'-'fixed'focalization'(restricted'to'same'perspective'throughout'narrative)' ' ' ' ' ''''''''-'variable'focal.'(presents'different'scenes'through'different'perspectives)' ' ' ' ' ''''''''-'multiple'focal.'(invites'comparison'between'several'perspectives'at'' ' ' ' ' '''''''''''same'event)''' '

PRESENTATION'OF'SPEECH'THOUGHTS'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

' TIME'' -'discourse'time':'' -'covers'length'of'time'that'is'taken'up'by'telling'or'reading'story' -'story'time':'' ' -'is'sequence'of'events'and'length'of'time'passes'in'the'story' -'duration:' ' -'is'relation'between'discourse'time'and'story'time,'experience'of'time'' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' -'ORGANIZATION'OF'TIME':' -'chronological' ' ' ' ' -'anachronic'(non-chronological)' ' ' ' ' -'flashforward'(prolepsis)' ' ' ' ' -'flashback'(analepsis)' ' ' ' ' -'circular'

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DRAMA!! '

CHARACTERISTICS'' -'marked'by'immediacy'' -'no'narrator'–'action'is'presented'without'mediator' -'witness'and'experience'what'is'happening'in'a'direct'way' -'can'be'narrative'elements'in'drama'as'well'->'though'Greek'chorus'->'group'of'non-individualized'performers ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ''''''''''who'comment'events'in'collective'voice' -'drama'is'subdivided'in':'' ' I.'SECONDARY'TEXT'' -'consists'of'all'textual'elements'that'do'not'belong'to'the'primary'text:'' -'play's'title'and'subtitle'' -'list'of'roles' -'historical'notes' -'stage'directions'' ' II.'PRIMARY'TEXT'' -'direct'communication'of'characters'' -'in'dialogue' -'monologue/soliloquy' -'prologues/epilogues' ' ' Dramatic!text'vs.'Theatrical!Performance!! -'differentiate'between'reading'a'drama'as'a'literary'text'and'as'a'script'for'a'theatrical'performance' -'theatrical'performance':'individual'reader's'imagination'is'replaced'by'how'producer,'d...