Kami Export - Athan Rassekhi - Unit 1 The Living World AP Exam Review PDF

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Lecture Notes for introduction to ap environmental science...

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Unit 1 The Living World AP Exam Review Predator Prey 1) Define Predator. 2) Define Prey.

an organism that primarily obtains food by the killing and consuming of other organisms

used to describe organisms that predators kill for food

3) Describe the trends from observations of the figure to the left: The number of predators controls the number of prey

Symbioses 4) Define Symbiosis. describing any relationship or interaction between two dissimilar organisms 5) Fill in the chart below on the different types of symbioses. Symbiosis Type

Mutualism

Species 1 Interaction (Beneficial, Harmful, or Neutral)

Species 2 Interaction (Beneficial, Harmful, or Neutral)

Neutral whales and barnicles

++ interaction plant roots

beneficial to control population wolves and rabbits Predation / Competition Parasitism

generally bad ex zombie wasp

+- carnivorous interactions tapeworms

Give a Real World Example

Barnacles on whales Eagles and worms Barnacles on animals

Competition and Resource Partitioning 6) What is competition?

the interaction of individuals that vie for a common resource

7) How does competition sometimes lead to resource partitioning? The better predators in the competition get more of the food than less 8) Compare interspecific to intraspecific competition. Terrestrial Biomes

skilled predators

Interspecific competition is among same species, and intraspecific competition is among different species

9) Define the term biodiversity. the variety of life on Earth at all its levels 10) Define the term biome. a large community of vegetation and wildlife adapted to a specific climate 11) Sketch and/or label the following on the map of the world below: a. b. c. d.

the equator the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn the Mid-Atlantic Ridge the location of suppressed upwelling characteristic of the occurrence of El Niño

e.

the location of China, India, Ethiopia, Brazil, Bangladesh, and Fremont

12) Fill in the table below about the different terrestrial biomes of the world. Type of Biome

Typical Location

Typical Climate

Tropical Rain ForestCentral and South America

20-29 C

Cold winters

Temperate Deciduous North east coast U.S Forest Taiga (Boreal) Forest Tropical Grasslands (Savanna)

cold harsh climate

Australia, India, Africa

Desert

Dry and wet seasons always warm

Alaska, Canada, Russia

Plants – Lichen, moss, ferns, wildflowers Animals – Bobcat, eastern chipmunk, muskrat Plants – needleaf, coniferous trees Animals – foxes, bears, minks, squirrels

South of Arctic Circle

Temperate Grassland North America (Prairie) Eastern Europe Tundra (Cold Grassland)

warm summers

Characteristic adaptations for survival Plants – Orchids Banana Trees, ferns, kapok trees Animals – Monkey, frogs, jaguar, toucans

Plants – Bermuda grass, elephant grass, blue fescue Animals – Gazelles Antelope, armadillos, drongos

Cold winters and warm Plants – buffalo grass, cacti, sagebrush summers long dark and cold

Utah and Nevada, Sahara

Animals –

Praire dogs, bison, swift fox, emu

Plants –

Arctic moss, arctic willow, labrador tea

Animals – Reindeer, polar bear, arctic fox, musk ox

excess evaporation

Plants –

over precipitation

Animals –

North Africa

Barrel cactus, brittlebush, creosote bush Camels, lizards, snakes, reptiles

13) For each of the following biomes, identify a specific country in which each biome occurs in relative abundance: Taiga Tropical rainforest Tropical grassland Temperate deciduous forest

Norway Brazil Australia Eastern United States

Desert Temperate grassland Coral reef Tundra

Sudan Argentina Indonesia Alaska

Aquatic Biomes 14) Fill in the table below about the different aquatic biomes of the world. Type of Biome

Typical Location

Coral Reef

Tropics of Cancer

above seabed, away

Open Ocean

from coastal boundaries

Typical Climate

Characteristic adaptations for survival Plants – Zooxanthellae, algae, and seagrass

23-29 C

Animals – Sea anemone clownfish parrot fish

More sunlight = warmer

Plants – species of seaweed Animals – Squid, yellowfin tuna, zooplankton Plants – large brown algae

Kelp Forest

Estuary/Wetland

Pacific Coast

5-20 C

Coast where there is

Very cold

Animals – Sea otter, sea lions, pacific purple sea urchin

fresh water

Plants – Eelgrass, gumweed, pickleweed Animals – Great blue heron, water bird, canada goose

Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon Cycle, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Water Cycles 15) Complete the following table for these biogeochemical cycles: Trait

Carbon

Importance to life

vital, balances carbon in air

Largest reservoir

deep-ocean

Methods of transport

dissolution into blood

Cycle duration (long/short)

100-200 million years

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Nitrogen from air to plants

atmosphere

Water

Sustaining life, transfer

how water reaches plants, and

energy

animals

sedimentary rock

glaciers/icebergs

Aquatic systems, surface

through rocks, water, soil

Movement of water

underground

organisms, sediments

through atmosphere

slow

short

very slow

very slow

Detailed Nitrogen Cycle 16) Identify the characteristic process associated with each of the following. Nitrification:

nitrification, converts ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate

Denitrification:

where nitrate is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide produc

Assimilation:

the absorption and digestion of food or nutrients by the body or any biological system. the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganism

Nitrogen Fixation: as part of the nitrogen cycle. Ammonification: decomposition with production of ammonia or ammonium compounds especially by the action of bacteria on nitrogenous organic Food Chains

matter.

17) Identify three examples of biotic components of an ecosystem and three examples of abiotic components of an ecosystem. (1) Biotic: (2)

plants and animals water

soil (3) _____________________

(1) Abiotic:

(2)

temperature light salinity

(3) _________________________

18) Diagram a simple food chain in the space below. Label the trophic levels and illustrate the Rule of 10 with each trophic level. Start with 1,000,000 kCal in the primary producer level.

Apex

19) What happens when a predator is removed from the food chain or web?There are too many producers

1. the branch of physical science that deals with the

1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Third Level

relations between heat and other forms of energy

20) Define the First Law of Thermodynamics

Secondary Consumer

energy), and, by extension, of the relationships

21) Define the Second Law of Thermodynamics -Example

Consumer 1000

(such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical

-Example Lightbulbs transfer energy into light

10,000

between all forms of energy.

hot object placed in contact The second law of thermodynamics establishes the concept of entropy as a physical property of a with a cold object heat flows to colder one

Predators 100

Primary Consumer 100,000

thermodynamic system

Gross Primary Productivity and Net Primary Productivity

Primary Producer 1,000,000

23) Define GPP

Gross primary production (GPP) is the total rate at which material is produced

24) Define NPP net primary production (NPP) is the rate at which material is accumulated in excess of respiration In other words, NPP is GPP

25) What biomes have high NPP? Low NPP? Why?

minus respiration.

Tropical forests have high and tundra have low, because biomes with more vegetation have higher npp levels

GPP and NPP Math 26) Perform the following calculation. Show all of your work. If the grasses on a 100-hectare area of grassland grow at an average rate of 1 cm/day, the average volume of grass that is added to the grassland each day is ____________ m3. If the density of the grasses that grow in the grassland averages 400 kg/m 3, the net primary productivity is approximately _____________ g/day or _____________ g/year. 1 hectare = 10,000 m 2 Show work:

100 hectare x 10,000 m^2/hectare = 1x10^6 x 0.01 m/day = 10,000 m^3/day 10,000 m^3/day x 400kg/m^3 x 1000 g/1 kg = 4x10^9 g/day / 1 x 10^6 m^2 = 4000 g/m^2/day 400 g/m^2/day x 365 day/year = 1460000 g/m^2/year

Sample FRQ’s 27) Biogeochemical cycles describe the movement of certain elements (typically bound with other elements in compounds) through Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. These elements and their compounds are necessary components of all life, and because they cycle, they can be used repeatedly by new generations of organisms. Each biogeochemical cycle has different pathways with various reservoirs (sources and sinks) where elements may reside for days or millions of years. (a) The atmosphere is one important carbon reservoir. (i) Describe a biological process by which carbon is removed from the atmosphere and converted to organic molecules. Photosynthesis

Respiration breaks down food/glucose/sugar/complex carbohydrates and releases CO2 into the atmosphere

(ii) Describe a biological process by which carbon is converted from organic molecules to a gas and returned to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide produced by humans (b) Oceans and terrestrial systems are also important carbon reservoirs. (i) Explain how atmospheric carbon is incorporated into two oceanic sinks. Remove atmospheric carbon in the form of CO2 and convert it into sugar which releases 02

(ii) Identify one terrestrial sink, other than fossil fuels, that stores carbon for thousands to millions of years. Old growth forests/trees that live for thousands of years

(c) The burning of fossil fuels has been shown to increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. Discuss TWO other human activities that increase the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. Deforestation, cutting down trees reduces the reservoirs for carbon or cutting down trees, slash and burn agricultural practices

(d) Identify an environmental problem that results from elevated atmospheric carbon concentrations. Discuss one consequence of the problem you identified. greenhouse effect, global warming

(e) Phosphorus is another element important to all organisms. i) Describe one major way in which the phosphorus cycle differs from the carbon cycle. Carbon cycle's largest reservoir is in the deep ocean while the phosphorus' is in sedimentary rock

ii) Identify one reason that phosphorus is necessary for organisms. The phosphorus cycle transfers energy throughout soil organisms and more

28) After reading the following excerpt from an article about the interrelationships among organisms in an oak forest, answer parts (a), (b), and (c), which follow. Chain Reactions Linking Acorns to Gypsy Moth Outbreaks and Lyme Disease Risk Oak trees (Quercus spp .) produce large autumnal acorn crops every two to five years, and produce few or no acorns during intervening years. Acorns are a critical food for whitefooted mice (Peromyscus leucopus). Mice are important predators of the pupal stage of the gypsy moth ( Lymantria dispar). This introduced insect periodically undergoes outbreaks that defoliate millions of hectares of oak forests, decreasing tree growth, survival, and acorn crop production. An abundance of acorns provides food for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Mice and deer are the primary hosts of the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis), which carries Lyme disease. (a) In the space provided below, diagram a food web based on the interrelationships of the organisms identified in the excerpt. (b) Design a controlled experiment that tests the relationship between acorn production and gypsy moth population. Include the hypothesis that the experiment tests. (c) Briefly describe a strategy that uses integrated pest management for the control of the black-legged tick population.

29) Wetlands were once considered to be wastelands. Over 50 percent of the United States original wetlands have been destroyed. (a) Describe TWO characteristics that are used by scientists to define an area as a wetland. (b) Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems with complex food webs. (i) Complete the diagram of the wetland food web to the right by drawing arrows that show the direction of energy flow.

(ii) Explain why it takes many hectares of wetland to support a pair of eagles. (c) Describe TWO economic benefits (other than those related to water quality) that wetlands provide. (d) Describe one specific human activity that degrades wetlands.

Modified by A. Willis from David Hong’s AP Environmental Science Review Packets (Diamond Bar HS). FRQ’s are College Board Released....