Kingdom Animalia Notes PDF

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Kingdom Animalia

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Cell type: All are eukaryotic organisms Levels of organization: All are multicellular and can contain organs and organ systems • All are heterotrophic – Must eat others for energy – Fungi only other all heterotrophic kingdom • 95% of all animals are invertebrates Characteristics of Animals • Animals are classified based on their composition, organization, and complexity • For each of the animal phyla you will need to identify characteristics that are specific for that group Location Vocabulary All animals can be described using these terms: • Dorsal - Towards the top/backside • Ventral - Towards the bottom/belly • Anterior - Towards the head end • Posterior - Towards the tail end Symmetry and Positions The type of symmetry an animal has can describe complexity and classification • Asymmetrical - No true body symmetry – Phylum Porifera • Radial Symmetry - Circular arrangement with numerous planes creating equal halves; no front/back or left/right side. Does have a top and a bottom. – Phylum Cnidaria and Phylum Echinodermata • –

Bilateral Symmetry - Has a right/left side Remaining pyhla

Other terms to describe animal characteristics • Sessile - Not a free moving organism. Stays in one spot, attached to a base. • Hermaphrodite - Both ovaries and testes, and both MUST work. • Invertebrate - No backbone/spinal column • Vertebrate - Has a backbone/spinal column Cephalization

• Linked with bilateral symmetry is cephalization, an evolutionary trend toward the concentration of sensory equipment (eyes, antennae, brain) on the anterior end. – Cephalization also includes the development of a central nervous system concentrated in the head and extending toward the tail as a longitudinal nerve cord. Primary Germ Layers • Germ Layers- cell layers of the embryo that give rise to body tissues. – Ectoderm - outer layer – Mesoderm - middle layer – Endoderm - inner layer • Each germ layer will develop into specialized tissue; if an embryo lacks germ layers than it is most likely a very simple organism

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The ectoderm, covering the surface of the embryo, give rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the central nervous system. • The mesoderm lies between the endoderm and ectoderm. - The mesoderm develops into the muscles and most other organs between the digestive tube and the outer covering of the animal. • The endoderm, the innermost layer, lines the developing digestive tube and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and the organs derived from it, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates. Body Cavities Purpose of the Body Cavity • A body cavity has many functions. – Its fluid cushions the internal organs, helping to prevent internal injury. – The non-compressible fluid of the body cavity can function as a hydrostatic skeleton against which muscles can work. – The present of the cavity enables the internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall. Reproduction • Reproduction in the Animal kingdom is very diverse. • Some animals reproduce asexually (budding and regeneration) • Some animals reproduce sexually either as hermaphrodites or separate sexes. • Modes of reproduction can be related to the complexity and lifestyle of the animal. The Classification of Animals • Phylogenetic Tree: based on evolutionary relationships as studied in the body form, structure of fossils, examination of living organisms, or evidence of chromosomal changes, or biochemical comparisons of living descendants of different past species.

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Means we look at both physical and biochemical view points. Structure was only means without technology....