Lab 1 Assignment (Part A) - Knowledge Review On Gastrointestinal Tract Organs PDF

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Part A Reviewing Your Knowledge pg. 593-596 A. Layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract Name the layers of the GI tract that are described. 1. The layer that contracts to churn food or move food along. Muscularis 2. Layer consisting of a membrane that lines a body cavity that opens to the exterior; overlays smooth muscle. Mucosa 3. Areolar connective tissue layer located deep to the mucosa. Submucosa 4. A serous membrane that is the external layer of a GI tract organ. Serosa B. Gastrointestinal Tract Organs Write the name of the term that is described. 1. Its only function is propulsion. Esophagus 2. A continuous digestive tube from the mouth to the anus. Alimentary Canal 3. Conducts both air and food. Pharynx 4. Primary site of nutrient absorption; is composed of 3 sections. Small Intestine 5. Section of small intestine that receives bile, pancreatic secretions, and food from the stomach. Duodenum 6. Churns food and begins protein digestion. Stomach 7. Has two sphincters that control elimination of feces from the body. Anus 8. Has regions called the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. Stomach 9. Has regions called the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Large Intestine 10. Receives secretions from salivary glands; mastication occurs here. Mouth C. Gastrointestinal Tract Organs and Associated Structures Write the name of the organ that is described. 1. Finger-like extensions increasing surface area in the small intestine. Villi 2. Folds in the gastric mucosa. Rugae 3. Permanent deep ridges in the small intestine mucosa. Circular Folds 4. Sphincter valve between the stomach and duodenum. Pyloric Sphincter 5. Serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall. Parietal Peritoneum 6. Serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs. Visceral Peritoneum 7. Sphincter that connects the small and large intestine. Ileocecal Sphincter 8. Fluid that begins digestion of carbohydrates. Saliva 9. Bony plate between the mouth and nose. Hard Palate 10. Forms a brush border; extension of epithelial cell plasma membrane. Microvilli 11. Keeps food and fluids from going up into the nasopharynx. Uvula 12. Area between the lips and teeth. Gums 

13. Region of the stomach where the lower esophageal sphincter meets the stomach. Cardia 14. Has regions called ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid. Large Intestine 15. Narrowed region of the stomach before the small intestine. Pylorus 16. A series of gathered pouches in the large intestine. Haustra D. Accessory Digestive Organs and the Peritoneum Write the name of the organ that is described. 1. Mechanically breaks up food during mastication. Teeth 2. Secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Pancreas 3. Salivary glands located under the tongue with ducts that open in the floor of mouth. Sublingual 4. Produces and secretes bile into ducts. Liver 5. Peritoneal membrane that holds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall. Mesentery 6. The secretions of this gland join with bile to enter the duodenum. Pancreas 7. Peritoneal fold that holds the liver to the anterior abdominal wall. Falciform Ligament 8. Manipulates food in mastication. Tongue 9. Fatty, large fold of peritoneum covering the transverse colon and small intestine. Greater Omentum 10. Largest salivary glands whose ducts open by the upper second molars. Parotid Glands 11. Stores and secretes bile into the duodenum. Gallbladder 12. Peritoneal membrane that attaches the stomach and duodenum to the liver. Lesser Omentum 13. Salivary glands whose ducts open lateral to the lingual frenulum. Submandibular 14. Trace bile from its secretion to the gallbladder for storage and concentration, and then to the duodenum, listing the structures in order , using Figure 34.10. (a) hepatocytes (b) bile canaliculi (c) bile ducts (d) left and right hepatic ducts (e) common hepatic duct (f) cystic duct (g) gallbladder (h) cystic duct (i) common hepatic duct (j) hepatopancreatic duct (k) duodenum 15. Trace blood from the hepatic portal vein through the liver to the inferior vena cava, listing the structures in order, using Figure 3 4.12.

(a) hepatic portal vein (b) hepatic artery (c) sinusoids (d) central vein (e) hepatic vein (f) inferior vena cava E. Identification of Digestive System Organs Identify the organs in Figure 3 4.13 and state whether the organ is a GI tract organ or an accessory digestive organ. a. 1. Parotid Gland - Accessory 2. Submandibular Gland - Accessory 3. Esophagus - GI tract 4. Liver - Accessory 5. Duodenum - GI tract 6. Gallbladder - Accessory 7. Jejunum - GI tract 8. Ascending Colon - GI tract 9. Ileum - GI tract 10. Cecum - GI tract 11. Appendix - GI tract 12. Mouth - GI tract 13. Sublingual Gland - Accessory 14. Pharynx - GI tract 15. Stomach - GI tract 16. Pancreas - Accessory 17. Transverse Colon - GI tract 18. Descending Colon - GI tract 19. Sigmoid Colon - GI tract 20. Rectum - GI tract 21. Anal Canal - GI tract 22. Anus - GI tract b. 1. Falciform Ligament - Accessory 2. Liver - Accessory 3. Gallbladder - Accessory 4. Ascending Colon - GI tract 5. Cecum - GI tract

6. Ileum - GI tract 7. Diaphragm 8. Stomach - GI tract 9. Transverse Colon - GI tract 10. Descending Colon - GI tract 11. Jejunum - GI tract Using Your Knowledge pg. 597-598 A. Digestive System Structure 1. A hiatal hernia or failure of the lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter to close causes the stomach contents to back up into the esophagus. This causes the esophageal wall to have a burning sensation (heartburn) and, in serious cases, bleeding. What causes the burning sensation and bleeding to occur? The burning sensation is caused by HCl reflux from the stomach. The caustic acid eats away and destroys the mucosal lining and the blood vessels, causing bleeding 2. How does removal of the gallbladder affect digestion? Removal of the gallbladder does not affect digestion. When fats are ingested, the liver is stimulated to produce bile and secretes it through hepatic ducts, to the common hepatic duct, to the common bile duct. It could possibly cause some issues with fat digestion because the release of bile will not be as controlled. B. Identification of Digestive System Structures Identify the structures numbered 3–6 on the X-ray of the human stomach shown in Figure 3 4.14. 3. Rugae 4. Duodenum 5. Pyloric Sphincter 6. Pyloric Antrum Identify the structures numbered 7–10 on the X-ray of the lower GI tract, shown in Figure 3 4.15. 7. Transverse Colon 8. Haustra 9. Appendix 10. Sigmoid Colon...