LAB Report Single Phase Electrical Wiring PDF

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MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE ECM433 OPEN-ENDED LAB SEMESTER OKT 21-FEB 22 TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: SINGLE PHASE ELECTRICAL WIRING DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 25/10/2021 GROUP : EC2003A5B GROUP MEMBERS: 1.ROSNANIE BINTI KAMARULZAMAN (2020897552) 2.MUHAMMAD SYAHMI BIN NOR DZAINI (2020898062) 3.NURUL AIZAH BINTI KAMAROL (2020847596) 4.MUHAMMAD NURFIRDAUS BIN MOHD RAJIT (2020621626) 5.MUHAMMAD SYAHMI BIN MAT ALWI (2020818972) LECTURER : IR. ASSRUL REEDZA BIN ZULKIFLI LEVEL OF OPENESS

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COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION BASIC CONCEPTS METHODOLOGY RESULTS&ANALYSIS

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DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSION

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ORGANIZATION

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

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1.2 OBJECTIVE

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1.3 LEARNING OUTCOMES

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1.4 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

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2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

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3.1 APPARATUS

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3.2 PROCEDURES

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4.0 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

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4.1 DISCUSSION

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4.2 CONCLUSION

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4.3 REFERENCES

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4.4 ORGANIZATION

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1.1 Introduction Electricity distribution means the activities of managing and operating electricity works in order to transmit the electric energy from the transmission grids to electricity using organizations and individuals. It is the final stage of delivery electric power to system. In electrical, the phase refers to the distribution of load that been supply. Typically, residential home is using single-phase power supply while industrial using three-phase power supply. It is because three-phase accommodates higher loads or volt. Single-phase power supply is commonly used for lighting and heating. Simple electrical wiring for example is wiring in a house using single phase wiring. In this wiring three cable involve, life, neutral and earth wire. However only two cable supply from TNB are feed to the house where earth cable only appears inside the house. The electrical supply feeds from TNB through cut-out and neutral link and connected to TNB meter until Distribution Board. There are several devices inside Distribution Board (DB) install for distribution purpose such Main Switch, Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB), cables, Moulded Case, Circuit Breaker s(MCCB), busbar and Miniature a circuit Breakers(MCB).In this laboratory activity students will be exposed real electrical wiring and access to the electrical wiring board.. The AC power (alternating current) is a kind of electricity in which the flow of current is frequently changing directions. At the beginning of the 1900 years, AC power supply is used for businesses as well as homes. The system of the power supply is categorized into two type’s namely single phase power supply, as well as three phase power supply. For most industrial and businesses settings, three-phase supply is used to run the high loads, whereas homes are generally supplied by a single phase, because home appliances require less power. This article discusses the difference between single phase and three phase power supplies. Generally, the phase in electricity is the current or the voltage among an existing wire as well as a neutral cable. Phase means the distribution of load, if a single wire is used, an additional load will occur on it & if three wires are used then loads will be separated between them. This can be called as less power for 1-phase and more power for 3-phase. If it is a 1phase system, it includes two wires as well as if it is a 3-phase system, then it includes 3 wires (or) four wires.

1.2 Objective The objective of the test is: To determine name and function of devices involve in single phase wiring. Student also must determine the size of devices and cables.

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1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1. Identify the devices involve in single phase wiring. 2. Understand the connection of cables in wiring. 3. Draw the schematic diagram for a simple wiring.

1.4 Theoretical Background A single-phase electric power refers to the distribution of alternating current using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors. A singlephase supply connected to an alternating current electric motor does not produce a revolving magnetic field; single-phase motors need additional circuits for starting, and such motors are uncommon above 10 or 20 kW in rating. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, in electrical engineering, single-phase electric power is the distribution of alternating current electric power using a system in which all the voltages of the supply vary in unison. Single-phase distribution is used when loads are mostly lighting and heating, with few large electric motors. A single-phase supply connected to an alternating current electric motor does not produce a rotating magnetic field; singlephase motors need additional circuits for starting (capacitor start motor), and such motors are uncommon above 10 kW in rating because the voltage of a single phase system reaches a peak value twice in each cycle, the instantaneous power is not constant. A single-phase load may be powered from a three-phase distribution transformer in two ways: by connection between one phase and neutral or by connection between two phases. These two give different voltages from a given supply. For example, on a 120/208 system, which is common in North America, the phase-to-neutral voltage is 120 volts, and the phase-to-phase voltage is 208 volts. This allows single-phase lighting to be connected phase-to-neutral and three-phase motors to be connected to all three phases. This eliminates the need of a separate single-phase transformer. Standard frequencies of single-phase power systems are either 50 or 60 Hz. Special single-phase traction power networks may operate at 16.67 Hz or other frequencies to power electric railways.

2.0 Problem statement Electrical wiring inside building consist of several devices and the connection between devices is not uniform depend on usage and location. Civil Engineer's need to understand the system for the design, construct, and maintenance purpose.

3.1 Apparatus 1.Test pen 2.Screwdriver 3.Wiring Board

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3.2 Procedures 1.Briefing is given by the lecture about safety and electrical wiring system. 2.Briefing by lecturer of the single-phase electrical system in one house 3. The devices on wiring board at house is identified by student. 4.The connection of devices and the connection between devices is checked.

4.0 Result & Analysis Distribution board – A component of an electricity supply system that divides an electrical power feed into circuits while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common enclosure which consists of bus bars, and possible switches, fuse links and automatic protective equipment, bypass equipment, for connecting, controlling and protecting a number of branch circuits fed from one main circuit of a wiring installation in a building or premises. When the electric box is only a lighting electric box or small power, and the incoming line is less than 10 square, if the number of switches is greater than 20, the electric box needs to be arranged in two rows of switches at this time, and the width of the switch is added to each side. 40MM is the width of the electrical box, the height is the switch height plus 40MM, and the depth is the maximum switch depth plus 10MM.

Live wire (red/brown) - the wire has the function of carrying electricity to the appliance. There will be a risk of electrocution if the brown wire is live and not connected to the earth or neutral wires. You must ensure that there is no power source connected with the live wire before working on the wiring. The size wire used is 2.5mm and load cable used is 24A. This wire carries 230 V alternating potential difference from power supply. Neutral wire (blue) - The neutral wire transfers electricity away from the appliance to avoid overloading. It is located at the end of the circuit for connection after the electricity has flowed around the live and earth wires. It is highly unlikely that you will have an electric shock on contact with a blue wire. This wire size is 2.5mm and 24A load cable.

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Earth (green/yellow) - It has the key safety function of connecting the metal casing of the electrical appliance with the ground. This means that the current of the live wire cannot be directly transmitted to the casing. This wire size is 2.5mm and 24A load cable. Circuit breaker (CB) - Nuisance-free operation when subject to high in-rush currents or transients, allowing ratings to be closely matched to the needs of the system and enabling the most efficient sizing of wiring and components. Quality design ensures resistance to premature failure through corrosion fatigue, shock or vibration. The standard for most household circuits is rated either 15 amps or 20 amps. An important note to remember is that circuit breakers can only handle about 80% of their overall amperage. That means a 15-amp circuit breaker can handle around 12-amps and a 20-amp circuit breaker can handle about 16 amps. Most of type also function as on/off switches, simplifying installation – fewer components result in higher overall reliability. The function is to protect and electrical circuit from damage cause by overload or short circuit.

Residual current circuit breaker (RCCB) - This residual current device is essentially an electrical wiring device that disconnects the circuit if current leaks through the human body. It is the safest device for detecting and tripping electrical leakage currents, hence preventing electric shock from direct connections. It also had another name which is Residual Current Device (RCD). It an electrical wiring device that will disconnect the switch if the electric current is unbalanced between the energized conductor (L) and neutral conductor (N). It will instantly disconnect the electricity flow in the connected circuits by operating in the safe mode automatically to avoid electric hazard. It has two types which are 2 Pole that been used in single-phase supply connection and 4 Pole that been used in three-phase supply connections. The size of RCCB is 63A.

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Earth Leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) - a safety device that used in electrical with high earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects minor stray voltages on electrical equipment's metal enclosures and terminates the circuit if the voltage level exceeds the danger threshold. A dedicated 2Pole ELCB with the dimension width of 36mm (3Pole = 54mm width) has also been achieved. It has the rated current ranging from 5-50A, at 240VAC. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment and interrupts the circuit if an unstable voltage is detected. Basically, it serves as protection to prevent danger to humans and animals due to electrical shock. A single-phase voltage ELCB has six terminals which are Line in, Line out, neutral in, neutral out, Earth and Fault. The size of ELCB is 50A. Miniature circuit breaker (MCB) - During any abnormal circumstance in the electrical network, such as overload or short circuit, it automatically cuts off the electrical circuit. Fuse may detect these conditions, but it must be replaced, even if the MCB can be reset. It easily traces the over current caused by short circuit. Its main purpose is to protect the equipment. MCB has two contacts which one is movable and other is fixed. In case if the current increase above limit, their movable contacts are disconnected from the fixed contacts which causes the circuit open and cut off from main supply. The size of MCB is 63A for isolator switch and 6A, 16A and 20A for single pole. Moulded case circuit breaker (MCCB) - a sort of electrical protection device that protects an electrical circuit from excessive current that could create an overload or a short circuit. The primary function of an MCCB is to provide a means to manually open a circuit and automatically open a circuit that overload or short circuit conditions. Mostly over current came from short circuit and overload faulty design. It also functions as alternative to a fuse since it does not require replacement once an overload is trace. The size of MCCB is 63A to 100A.

ACTUAL AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF WIRING BOARD

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4.1 Discussion Residences in Malaysia obtained electricity that is supplied with low voltage distribution system also known as single phase (240V). Differ from heating pipe work or air conditioning duct work, electrical cables present less of a problem when it is fit into the building. This electrical power can be divided to its subsidiary circuit of the electrical wiring in a house by distribution board. As we can observed from the distribution board that we located in our house. There are several common devices of distribution board which is moulded case circuit breaker (MCCB), earth continuity conductor (ECC), miniature circuit breaker (MCB) and main switch. The MCB required for each electrical appliances in the house, by all means, the more the appliances, the MCB needed also will increase. Series circuit need more MCB that parallel circuit. The MCCB rate current up to 1000A and it is operated by thermal magnetic. The current trip usually adjustable in higher rating but the MCB will not rate current more than 100A and the trip characteristics normally not adjustable. Safety are always our main concerned when it comes to electrical appliances in our house. ELCB act as safety devices used in electrical installations with high earth impedance to prevent electrical shock. The 7

electrical current will flow through three different types of wire that can be recognized by their colour code, red for Live, black for neutral and green for earth. Some of electrical appliances which required 6A current are fluorescent lamp, bulb and ceiling fan. Ceiling fan required a regulator that can control the speed of the fan. The regulator consists of resistor inside it to create resistance in order to increase or decrease the speed of the fan. By all means, the higher speed of the fan, the lower resistance. Air conditioning has 32A current flowing in it. It has direct online starter act as the switch of the air conditioning. The Neutral are connected through Energy meter, MCB (DP), RCD and then to the Neutral Link. All the sub circuits, sub circuits can be connected to the Neutral Link. Keep in mind all the electrical devices and appliances should be connected to the Earth Link for safety which is directly connected to the earth electrode and earth plate for proper earthing and grounding. In the following single phase electrical wiring for home supply, We used 63A MCB (DP), 63A RCD (DP) and different rating if MCBs (SP) such as 20A, 16A, 10A etc according to your need. Double Pole MCB (DP) is the Isolator or Main Switch. This is the main operating switch which is used to control the electric power supply in the building(s). The main switch can be used to immediately turn ON or OFF the main electric supply to the connected appliances in case of emergency like short circuits, electric shock, fire, or while working on the main board, sub circuit or final sub circuits to troubleshoot and for maintenance purposes. Multiple or separate mains switch board or fuse board may be used if more supply unites are installed in the system, storage heater etc.

4.2 Conclusion By the end of the laboratory experiment, we are able to determine the name and functions of devices involve in the single phase wiring and understand better on the connection of the cable wiring. In this experiment we also are exposed to electrical wiring to understand the basics concept of electrical installation method and wiring method in a house. We as future civil engineer also need to have this basic information in electrical wiring to do well in our future work.

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4.3 References • • •

Wiring Colour Codes. Retrieved from https://my.rsonline.com/web/generalDisplay.html?id=ideas-and-advice/wiring-colours-guide Difference between MCB, MCCB, RCCB, ELCB. 6th December 2018. Retrieved from https://cselectric.co.in/blog/difference-mcb-mccb-rccb-elcb/ What is the difference between single-phase and three-phase power?. 17th September 2021. https://www.fluke.com/en-us/learn/blog/power-quality/single-phase-vs-three-phase-power

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Earth Bondhon, 2019, Full house Wiring Diagram Using phase Line.Electrical Technology, 2016. Single phase Electrical Wiring Retrive from Google www.fullhousewiringdiagramusingphaseline.com www.electricaltechnology.org/2013/05/wiringofdistributionboard

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Terrel Croft and Wilford Summers, American Electrician’s Handbook, Eleventh Edition, McGraw Hill, New York (1987), chapter 3, pages 3-10, 3-14 to 3-22.

4.4 Organization Each member of the group showed good participation through discussions on WhatsApp. In the report writing process, each member was assigned different parts to complete. Each member gave good cooperation and managed to complete their assigned parts punctually. All in all, a good teamwork was inculcated throughout the entire lab session. CONTENTS Introduction Learning Outcomes Theoretical background Methodology Results Discussion Conclusion References

NAMES Nurul Aizah Nurul Aizah Syahmi Nor Dzaini Firdaus Syahmi Mat Alwi Rosnanie Rosnanie Firdaus

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