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language analysis Notes for the mecaninca dos fluido...

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

HOW WHY TONE (there is separate doc) TECHNIQUES COMMON ARRANGEMENTS OF ARGUMENT

The following tips are in all caps because they are very important. ANALYSE THE TITLE ANALYSE THE PLACEMENT AND PROGRESSION OF ARGUMENTS ALWAYS LINK SPECIFICALLY TO ISSUE; NOT JUST A TECHNIQUE DONE DO NOT FORGET TO MENTION BOTH SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES DO NOT FORGET LINK SOMETIMES BACK TO ARGUMENT; ‘MEDIUM SHOT’ DO NOT FORGET TO MAKE MENTION/HAVE A SENSE OF PROGRESSION WITHIN ARGUMENT WHY THIS AUDIENCE? HOW DOES THIS ARGUMENT TARGET THIS AUDIENCE SPECIFICALLY?

In comparative (more than 1 article) analysis, SIM/DIFF CAN BE CONTENTION, ARGUMENT, PURPOSE, AUDIENCE, TONE/STYLE. WHAT TO DO IN 15 min READING TIME CONTENTION PURPOSE SUB PURPOSES/ARGUMENTS AND THEIR PROGRESSION KEY AUDIENCES SHIFTS IN TONE/STYLE/AUDIENCE FOCUS SIMILARITIES OF OTHER ARTICLES (MUST MUST MUST DO SIM) DIFFERENCES OF ARTICLES Then think about the three levels of audience reaction, C analysis; 1. what the reader should feel (immediate response through close analysis of language) 1. here specify the EMOTIONS/CLOSE ANALYSIS b. what the reader would likely think (how they process info and react) a bit further zoom out 1. here specify a CAUSE AND EFFECT relationship between feeling and mental reaction 1. eg. feeling concerned IN ORDER TO, SO THAT… etc. b. what the reader is likely motivated to do IN RELATION TO THE BROADER ISSUE. i. here specify the OVERALL RELATION TO PURPOSE of this SPECIFIC DEMOGRAPHIC.

A LIST OF METALANGUAGE TABLES FOR ANALYSING WORDS, PHRASES, ARGUMENTS, CONTENTIONS AND AUDIENCE. Specific intended effect. HOW (‘shows’ synonym)

WHY (so that…)

-implies

-positions

-hints at

-sways

-intimates

-evokes

-creates

-invokes

-evokes

-invites

-alludes to

-influences

-suggests

-encourages

-conveys

-guides

-imbues

-leads

-elicits

-imbues within readers

-crafts

-urges

-advises

-incites

-establishes

-provokes

-demonstrates

-compels

-presents

-persuades

-indicates

-challenges

-engenders

-convinces

-generates

-alarms

-captures

-inspires

-produces

-induces

-establishes

-instils

-arouses

-renders

-encapsulate

-cajole

-stimulates

-augments

-alleges

-alerts

-accentuates

alienate

-promulgates

sensationalise

-proposes

Diminish

-affirms

prompts

-illustrates

breeds

-highlights

to perceive/view as...specify

-emphasises

inculcate

-resonates -portray

‘IMMEDIATELY’ SYNONYMS urgently, promptly, fervently, expeditiously, MUST INCLUDE ‘attempts/tries/intends/seeks/strives/endeavours/aims/in an effort/would likely to’ when analysing AUDIENCE RESPONSE. The author does not and cannot ‘MAKE’ their audience do something, they merely INTEND to do something.

good phrases to join analyses and paragraphs -Whilst article 1 is characterised by argument/tone/techniques, article 2 adopts a more something to.. - similar to ARTICLE ONE, ARTICLE 2 ...

Words to link authorial strategies (techniques author use to appeal to audience) Reinforce, bolster, buttress, strengthen, echo, mirror, bookend, percolate, augment, combine, melt, cycle, progress, create a chain, stitch, weave, thread, suture, marry, bond, fuse, are yoked, complement, work in tandem/harmony, scaffolds, enhances, invigorates, perseveres, fortify. e.g. ‘Having established technique/word/phrase, author draws on technique/word/phrase to…’ Having derived a sense of ___ readers ‘ESTABLISHED’ synonyms -built -evoked -fostered -constructed

-proven -substantiated -evinced

Main Appeals/readers may feel a sense of guilt/shame fear/concern/uneasy/apprehensive/anxiety/alarmed/confronted sympathy/compassion/empathy morality/ethical/sense of duty/responsibility patriotism/pride/loyalty justice/rights appeal to altruism hip pocket nerve TYPES OF ARGUMENT WORDS TO INTRODUCE ARGUMENT THE AUTHOR ___ that… -argues -asserts -explores the idea that (hmmm) -declares -proposes -

Things to look out for in analysis; what you can analyse! ETHOS- ethical appeal -this is more stuff that makes the author seem credible to the reader; eg. credentials, good feels, knowledgeable/magnanimous language etc. usually at the BEGINNING, or before/after proving a intense point. -personal credibility -amiable address of the audience; fellow residents!!! -patriotic pledges are very common; Australians etc. especially towards specific demographic -sincerity, rationality, pragmatism, honesty, -siding with the reader

PATHOS- appeal to human emotions and FEELS; moral, emotional, passionate, psychological -usually from spamming literary techniques, rhetoric, contrasted to logic. -directly appeals to human sympathies/emotions; these people are just like you! -appeals to the broader human spirit; eg. do good for the greater public/people less fortunate -Imagery through simile/metaphor

-juxtapositions -exaggeration/hyperbole -anecdotal evidence -connotations -pos/neg; -can either be euphemistic (and therefore sardonic), subverting (to avoid perhaps a difficult lapse in logic or argument) or inflammatory (makes reader really think on personal level) -Attacks/diatribes/broadsides -using deliberately abrasive/accusatory language to pew pew at someone/something -discredit the opposition, their credibility, or their idea -(rarely) discredits the reader to make them -SOUND of language -alliteration/assonance -repetition/anaphoric language -asyndeton/polysyndeton -different REGISTERS of language; eg. formal/informal, idioms, colloquialisms etc -cliches -generalisations -inclusive language -broad statement that forces audience to feel they need to conform/be a sheep -makes reader question the credibility of writer -rhetoric -rhetorical questions -exclamatory/graphic/emotionally fuelled outburst -oxymorons (why is there no plural) and paradoxes

-humour -satirical humour; eg. -irony, sardonic remarks, sarcasm/satire/caricatures, ridicule, mocking -legit humour; elevates mood, makes author seem more down to earth/human, (rare) -APPEALS TO COMMON VALUES -family values/parental instincts -justice/fairness -modernity/progress -generosity/sympathy/humanitarianism/compassion -personal interests/finances -fitting in/not being alienated/unite -patriotism- what it is to be an egalitarian Australian., social norms kind of almost -tradition/identity - eg. watermelone article -sense of freedom appeals to emotions; -nostalgia -guilt, shame, ignominy, mortification, -empathy/sympathy/compassion -fear/concern/apprehension/unease -angry reacts only; outrage, disgruntled, disgust -despair -altruism

-hope -curiosity

LOGOS-appeal to logic/reasoning; empirical, logical, reasoned, holistic views -expert opinions -anecdotal evidence from CREDIBLE source -statistics and authorities (quotes) provides credibility, stability -countering opposing views, arguments and evidence -position of writer ie. expert/authority in a particular area -Research/studies/sources -appeal to common sense+rationality -cause+effect examples

COMMON ARRANGEMENTS OF ARGUMENTS (analysing the progression of argument) 1. Issue with status quo 2. Present a solution 3. Other 1. Forge a connection 2. Critique 3. Other 1. Tackle primary interest of key audience 2. Other interests that add on to it 3. Other audiences 1. Proposal + optimism 2. Address sceptics 3. Other 1. Positivity 2. address negatives 3. solution PROGRESSIONS TO LOOK OUT FOR -HOW DOES THE AUTHOR START? -straight to the point, immediacy of the issue -coerce readers, set them up, soften them/appeal to them -anecdote, draws in/makes subsequent arguments seem more credible/believable/evinced -Bookended with specific/same argument- returning to -specific appeal placed at the heart/centre/therefore most prominent point of the article, at the fulcrum of the stance -MOTIFS throughout; some idea they keep returning to -inversion/echoing/parodying -shifting from intrinsic motivations to more practical/palpable benefits. HOW DOES THE AUTHOR END? -some dogmatic statement to leave readers with no choice but to support their contention -a specific appeal to retain a lingering sense of ____ -a command to encourage audiences to DO something

SOME POSSIBLE LABELS OF ARGUMENTS SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, RELIGIOUS, HEALTH, ECONOMIC, MORAL, POLITICAL, EDUCATIONAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, JUDICIAL (RIGHTS, PEOPLE etc) VISUAL ANALYSIS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Foreground/background Facial expressions/caricatures Body language/positioning of people Light/shade/colour text/speech symbolism

INTRO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

TRIGGER ISSUE CONTENTION- may use 1 adj/adv to qualify the whole article eg. sarcastic ARGUMENTS/TONES IF APPROPRIATE ACKNOWLEDGE CONTENTIONS/ARGS/TONES OF OTHER 2 ARTICLES DONT FORGET THE PURPOSE! TO ENCOURAGE READERS DO SMTH/FEEL (essentially a loose how and why of the contention)

CONCLUSION 1. Restate authors’ contentions 2. Make 1 holistic point of comparison between the two; what is the fundamental difference or similarity between the articles? a. If it is a single text, what is at the core of its argument progression? From class teacher; Many schools state that intro/conclusion are not compulsory for argument analysis. However, we tend to disagree; having the clear paragraph division, and a couple of sentences at the start/end of your work signifies to the examiner that 1. You have a clear grasp and understanding of what the task has asked of you 2. You managed your time well 3. You respected the conventions of essay writing Therefore, we strongly recommend doing a concise, but powerful intro/conclusion following the steps above. A-B-C Sample unit

| A |The editorial commences by denigrating the protesters, labelling them as “pirates”, “vigilantes” and “zealots” - words which connote a sense of extremism and “criminal” behaviour. | B | Such words are intended to smear these individuals with an air of iniquity and position their protests as being excessive and harmful. | C | Consequently, readers may feel a sense of disdain towards the protesters for their seemingly immoral behaviour. WHAT IS THE EFFECT! · Refers to specific emotions that are evoked by the language o Given from audience’s perspective o Is a consequence of the language itself · Summed up: o Identify emotion or reaction readers are intended to have o Justify why readers may feel this emotion o Contextualise the effect in terms of the target audience and the issue itself METALANGUAGE DICTIONARY · Poignantly - in a way that evokes a keen sense of sadness or regret · Ad hominem - appealing to prejudice and emotion rather than reason (attacking the character) o An ad hominem attack · Dysphemism - A derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one o Opposite of euphemism · Hyperbolic - deliberately exaggerated · Pejorative - Derogatory word expressing contempt · Imposition - the action or process of imposing something or of being imposed · Misperception · Complicit - involved with others in an activity that is morally wrong RANDOM DICTIONARY · Incredulous - unwilling or unable to believe something · Incredulity - the state of being unwilling or unable to believe something · Pernicious · Certitude - absolute certainty or conviction that something is the case · Sardonic

VERB DICTIONARY A Indicates

Demonstrates

Reveals

Illustrates

Reflects

Suggests

Signifies

Exemplifies

Elucidates

Signals

Advocates

Rebuts

Undercuts - cut or wear away at something

Rationalises

Ingratiates - bring oneself into favour by flattery

Underpins - supports,

Debases - degrades

Generalises

justifies, forms the basis for Is tinged with

Repudiate - deny the truth or validity of

Reiterate

Provokes

Invokes

Evokes

Insinuates

Positions

Elicits

Suggests

Inspires

Generates

Underscores

Encourages

Influences

Promotes

Fosters a sense of

Undermines

Hints

Engenders

Gives rise to

Results in

Alleviates

Propagates

Credence

Promulgates

Equivocally

Impinge - have an effect, especially a negative one

Corroborate - confirm or give support to (reiterate)

Recapitulate

Galvanising - to shock or excite (someone) into taking action

Harbour - to keep in one’s mind, especially secretly

Scorns

B/C

TONE DICTIONARY · Censorious - severely critical of others ·

Fervent - having or displaying a passionate intensity

·

Conciliatory - Intended or likely to placate or pacify

·

Solemn - characterised by deep sincerity

·

Obsequious - obedient or attentive to an excessive or servile degree

·

Laudatory - expressing praise and commendation

·

Facetious - treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humour; flippant

·

Tacitly - In a way that is understood or implied without being directly stated

·

Disparagingly - tending to belittle or bring reproach upon

Amiable

Caring

Passionate

Fervent - having or displaying passionate intensity

Ardent - very enthusiastic or passionate

Zealous - devoted/diligent

Sympathetic

Attentive

Happy

Ecstatic

Euphoric

Exhilirated

Jovial

Satisfied

Content

Depressed

Dejected

Desolate

Aggrieved - feeling resentment at having been unfairly treated

Subdued - quiet and rather reflective or depressed

Discouraged

Despondent - in low spirits from loss of hope or courage

Fearful

Distressed

Intimidated

Apprehensive

Anxious

Alarmed

Threatened

Angry

Infuriated

Vindictive - having or showing Resentful a strong or unreasoned desired for revenge

Chagrined - feel distressed or humiliated

Irate - characterised by great anger

Indignant - feeling or showing great anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment

Guilty

Remorseful

Repentant

Debased - reduced in quality or value

Abashed - cause to feel embarrassed, disconcerted, or ashamed

Mortified

Sinful

Calamitous catastrophic/dangerous e.g calamitous repercussions

Dissension - disagreement that leads to discord e.g indicates dissension of the proposal by the status quo

Discordance - lack of agreement or harmony

Egocentricity

Reiterate

Recapitulate

EFFECT PHRASES | C | · This may cause readers to feel… ·

This may act on readers’ sense of…

·

Henceforth, [emotion] may be evoked in readers towards…

·

Consequently, readers may harbour a sense of…

·

In effect, readers may experience…

·

In addition, [emotion] many be aroused in readers by…

·

Readers are… o Invited to consider… o Asked to question… o Given insight to… o Challenged to consider… o Confronted with… o Open to new perspectives regarding… o Subjected to… o Exposed to… o Given access to… o Made aware of…

RANDOM NOTEWORTHY PHRASES

·

The editor then employs a hint of sensationalism to further reposition the concept of school hours as a matter of tradition, such as by arguing that to change them would “change the way the world…”.

·

…plays on the audience’s inherent desire to conform, and encourages them to consider realigning their position on the issue to match that of the majority”

·

“The condescending and sarcastic use of the pejorative ‘Einstein’ emphasises the mother’s frustration”

·

“…and, it could be said, reflecting the same frustration that may be experienced by most parents”

·

“…by establishing the fact that he is one of ‘all of [the] residents of Greenville’, indicating to readers the he is personally affected and thereby establishing the credibility of his arguments. This increases the likelihood that readers will agree with his views, given that, as an affected resident, he is more likely to hold the community’s interests at heart”

Other phrases

·

“…furthered by the furnishing of evidence from the Australian Greenhouse Office that ‘[insert stat quote here]”

Examples of “C” analysis

·

“Thus, readers may harbour a sense of scepticism and unease regarding the viability of the proposal”

·

“This exploits readers’ fear of change and is intended to provoke them into adopting a critical mindset”

·

“Such an approach is likely to cause the audience to feel irate over the egocentricity and lack of responsibility of teenagers who are characterised as the only beneficiaries”

·

“Ultimately, the cartoon is likely to persuade the audience to view the issue through a similar perspective - that of teenage laziness - as that which the editor has provided in the editorial”

·

“Readers may be inspired to feel anger towards the Council, as it is clear that they will have no choice but to abide by its policies.”

·

“…the plural personal pronoun ‘we’ is aimed at promoting himself as an ordinary member of the community, which may encourage readers to support him and, in addition, induce the audience to feel greater concern as it emphasises that they are also affected” o Alternative to the simple “invest greater interest”, “draw themselves closer to the issue”.

·

“…intended to induce readers to feel outrage and even panic by emphasising that they could be powerless to decide on the future development of their own properties.”

·

“Readers may therefore feel inspired to oppose the Council and its policies, as they are persuaded to recognise that its actions are not intended to benefit the community.”

·

“Readers may therefore better understand and value the outlook of their beloved community and, for that reason, be persuaded to oppose the proposal”

·

“…the encourage readers to view critically the implementation of the scheme and to more meticulously assess its alleged benefits”

·

“…it leaves readers with a lasting impression of the author as an experienced and knowledgable person whose views should be ...