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Topi c Ca s eNa me 5

Ca us e rvBr o wne ( 1952) Ol l e yvMa r l bor ough Cour tLt d( 1949)

Ca s eDe t a i l s    

Ca s eOut c ome

Dr yc l e a ne re x c l u de sl i a b i l i t yf o rda ma g et o c l ot hi n g Coup l ebook e di nt ohot e lr oom,t hi ng ss t ol e n Coup l ewa nt e dc o mpe ns a t i onf r omt heho t e l . Hot e lde ni e dl i a bi l i t y ,di r e c t i n gt h ec oupl e s a t t e nt i ont oa ne x c l us i onc l a us ede t a i l e donas i gn ont heba c ko ft hec o upl e ’ sr oo mdoo r

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We s tpa r k e dc a ri nSy dne yc o unc i lc a rpa r k, ob t a i ni ngat i c ke tf r omma c h i n ea te nt r a nc e . Ca rwa sg onewh e nher e t ur ne d. Thi r dpa r t yh a da pp r o a c h e dpa r ki n ga t t e nda nt c l a i mi n gt oha v el os tt i c k e t . At t e n da ntpr o vi de ddupl i c a t et i c ke tt ot hi r dpa r t y wi t houtdoi n ga n yc he c ks .Th i r dpa r t yt he n pr o c e e de dt ot a k ec a r We s ts ue dCo unc i lf orda ma g e s . Coun c i lde ni e dl i a bi l i t yont heba s i sofe x pr e s s s t a t e me n tont i c ke t–‘ TheCounc i ldoe snota c c e p t a n yr e s po ns i bi l i t yf ort hel os sorda ma g et oa n y v e hi c l e …ho we v e rs uc hl o s sda ma g eori n j u r yma y a r i s eorb ec a us e d’ .

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Sydn e yCi t yCounc i lv We s t( 1 965)

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Code l f aCons t r uc t i on Pt yLt dvSt a t eRa i l

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Code l f awa sc on t r a c t e dt obui l dt unne l sf ort he Ra i lAut hor i t yo fNSW,24/ 7s oi twoul dbe

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No tpr ope r l ybr o ughtt ot hea t t e nt i onoft heot he rp a r t y Onr e c e i pt=a f t e rpur c ha s enot be f or ec ont r a c twa sma de Ex c l us i onc l a u s e s Mu s tbebr ou g htt ot hea t t e nt i onoft h eot he rpa r t ypr i ort o t he me nt e r i n gt hea gr e e me nt Ha st obei nc or p or a t e di nt oi t–wa snoti nc or p or a t e di nt oi t No .I twa son l ybr ou ghtt ot hea t t e nt i onoft h ec ou p l ea f t e r t he yha dc h e c k e di n .Fort hec l a us et obee ffe c t i v e ,i t ne e d e dt obeb r o u gh tt ot he i ra t t e n t i ona tt ha tt i mewhe n t hec ont r a c twa sf or me d. Ex c l us i onc l a u s eha dbe c omeabe c omeat e r moft h e c on t r a c t Butdi dn ’ te x c l udel i a bi l i t y Cl a us e sdi dn ’ ta ppl yt oa c t st ha twhi c hwe r ene i t he r a ut hor i s e dnotp e r mi t t e db yt hec ont r a c t Ex c l us i onc l a u s e sdi dn ’ tc o v e rt hi sa si tf e l lout s i deoft h e ‘ f ourc or ne r soft hec o nt r a c t No .Thee x c l u s i onc l a u s eha dbe c omeat e r moft he c on t r a c t ,butpr ope r l yi nt e r pr e t e di tdi dn ota ppl yt ot hi s s i t u a t i onwhe r et hepa r ki n ga t t e nda ntha da l l o we df ora n un a ut h or i s e dde l i v e r yoft hec a r .

Te r msi mp l i e db yf a c t I mpl yt e r mst ogi v eac ont r a c tc omme r c i a lme a ni n g

Aut hor i t yofNSW ( 1982)

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Br e e nvWi l l i a ms ( 1995)

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fini s he di nt i me . Pa r twa yi nt ot hec ont r a c t ,a ni n j unc t i onwa s gr a nt e da g a i ns tt hewor kf ol l o wi n gc o mpl a i nt s f r omt hene i ghbo ur s .Code l f aa gr e e dt oonl ywor k a td a yt i me . Ext r ac os t swe r ei nc ur r e db yt h i s ,a ndt heSt a t e Ra i lAut hor i t yr e f us e dt op a y ,s a yi n gt he yd i d n ’ t a c ta c c or di n gt ot hec o nt r a c t . Code l f aa r gue dt ha te i t he rt h e r ewa sa ni mpl i e d t e r mi nt hec on t r a c tf ort hi sc i r c ums t a nc e ,ORt h a t t he ys h oul dbepa i d MsBr e e nha da no pe r a t i ont oi ns e r ts i l i c onebr e a s t i mpl a nt s . So mepr obl e msl a t e rde v e l ope da nds hec ons ul t e d wi t hDrWi l l i a msa boutt hec ompl i c a t i ons . Anot he rdoc t orc on duc t e dt hes ur g e r yt or e mo v e MsBr e e n ’ si mpl a n t s . MsBr e e nwa nt e dt oj oi nal a ws ui ta g a i ns tt he i mpl a ntma nuf a c t ur e r si nt heUS. Sh es ought a c c e s st ohe rme di c a lr e c or dsf r o mDr Wi l l i a msbuther e f us e d.

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Wou l dbot hpa r t i e sh a v ea gr e e di fs ome oneha da s ke dt he m a tt het i meoft hec ont r a c t–i nt e nt i on Mus tb e–r e a s on a bl ea nde qui t a bl e ,ne c e s s a r yf orb us i n e s s e ffic a c y ,ob v i ou s ,c l e a re xpr e s s i on,notc ont r a di c t or yt o e xpr e s st e r ms

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Di dnots uc c e e db a s e doni mp l i e dt e r msa si ti sr e a s ona b l e bu ti snots oob vi ousi tg oe swi t h outs a yi n g

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Wa si ta ni mpl i e dt e r mt h a tapa t i e nth a sr i g htt oa c c e s s t he i rme di c a lr e c or ds No .Ce r t a i nt e r msa r ei mpl i e db yf a c tt or e fle c twha tt he pa r t i e si nt e n de d e . g.do c t o rwoul da dvi s ea n dt r e a tt hepa t i e ntwi t h r e a s ona bl es ki l la ndc a r e ;t h epa t i e ntwi l lr e nde rpa y me n t t ot hedo c t ore t c . ,butt h i sdi dno te xt e n dt ot hepr o vi s i onof me di c a lr e c or dst ot hepa t i e nt .

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6

Hi d e&Ski nTr a di n g Pt yLt dvOc e a ni c Me a tTr a de r sLt d ( 1990)

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Aus t r a l i a n Br oa dc a s t i ng Commi s s i onv Aus t r a l a s i a n pe r f or mi n gRi ght As s oc i a t i onLt d( 197 3)

Ma r i t i meNa t i ona lFi s h Lt dvOc e a nTr a wl e r s ( 1935)

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ABCbo undi nc ont r a c tt opa ya nnu a ll i c e ns et o APRAf orc e r t a i nmus i c a lwor kspe r f or me d Fi gur e doutb yf o r mu l a APRAs a i ddi dn ’ ta c c o untf orde p r e c i a t i onwa nt e d t oa me ndac ons t a ntv a l u e

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Code l f aCons t r uc t i on Pt yLt dvSt a t eRa i l Aut hor i t yofNSW

hi dee x por t sa ni ma lpr oduc t s t he i rc us t ome r sdonot pa yf ort heg o odsupt os i x mont hsa f t e rt hepur c ha s epr i c e ,s on e e dat h i r d pa r t yt opr o vi dea d v a nc epa yme ntf ort heg o ods s ol dbutnotpa i df or . Oc e a ni ca r r a n g e dt hi sfina nc i a lf a c i l i t y Oc e a ni cwa nt e dt ot e r mi na t ec on t a c ta ndn otma ke pa yme nt sf ormone yt ha twou l dbepa i da f t e r c ont r a c te n ds–s i xmont hsnot i c e Hi det hi nkss houl dbegi v e na d v a nc e sr i g htupt o t hee ndoft hepe r i odofnot i c e

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Ma r i t i mec h a r t e r e dt r a wl e rf r omoc e a nt r a wl e r s Onl yg oti s s ue d3l i c e n s e sb yg o v e r nme nta ndha d 5boa t s Cl a i me dc ont r a c twa sf r us t r a t e db yl a c ko fl i c e n s e a ndwa nt e doc e a nt r a wl e r st ot a k eba c kt heboa t Code l f awa sc on t r a c t e dt obui l dt unne l sf ort he Ra i lAut hor i t yo fNSW,24/ 7s oi twoul dbe fini s he di nt i me .

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Gi vi ngt hewor dst he i ror di na r ya ndnat ur alme a ni n g ; Appl yi nga no bj e c t i v et e s tt oa s c e r t a i nt hei nt e nde d me a ni n goft het e r ms ; Re s ol vi n ga mbi gui t i e si nc omme r c i a la gr e e me nt st oa v oi d c omme r c i ali nc onv e ni e nc eornons e ns e ;a nd Ba s i n gt hed e c i s i onont hea c t ualagr e e dt e r msi nt he c on t r a c t .

No tt hef unc t i onoft hec ou r tt oa t t r i but et ot h ep a r t i e s i nt e nt i onf orwhi c he xp r e s swor dsdonotpr o vi de Wor dswe r ec l e a ra n dno ta mbi g uous I nt e r pr e t a t i onoft e r ms–pr e f e r e nc ef orc omme r c i a l l y c on v e ni e n ti nt e r p r e t a t i on Ambi guous=y e sc a ni nt e r pr e t Nopo we rt or e ma ke ,o ra me nd‘ un j us t ’c o nt r a c t si s un a mb i guo us Pl a i nt i ffno te nt i t l e dt or e l yonf r us t r a t i on Ma r i t i me so nde c i s i o nt onota l l oc a t eoneof3l i c e n s e st o t het r a wl e r Th e yha dde l i be r a t e l ybr ou ghta boutt hes i t ua t i ont oa v oi d t hec ont r a c t Fr us t r a t i o nno ta ne x c us ei fb r o u gh ta boutde l i be r a t e l y Ex c us i n gpe r f or ma nc e :f r us t r a t i onofc ont r a c t Cou l dnotc o nt i nueduet onotbe i n ga bl et owor kdu r i ng ni ght

( 1982)

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As s oc i a t e dNe ws pa p e r s Lt dvBa nc ks( 1 951)

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Va r l e yvWhi p p( 19 00)

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Hoe ni gvI s a a c s( 19 52)

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St e e l evTa r d i a ni ( 1946)

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Pa r twa yi nt ot hec o nt r a c t ,a ni n j unc t i onwa s gr a nt e da g a i ns tt hewor kf ol l o wi n gc o mpl a i nt s f r omt hene i ghbo ur s .Code l f aa gr e e dt oonl ywor k a td a yt i me . Ext r ac os t swe r ei nc ur r e db yt h i s ,a ndt heSt a t e Ra i lAut hor i t yr e f us e dt op a y ,s a yi n gt he yd i d n ’ t a c ta c c or di n gt ot hec o nt r a c t . Code l f aa r gue dt ha te i t he rt h e r ewa sa ni mpl i e d t e r mi nt hec on t r a c tf ort hi sc i r c ums t a nc e ,ORt h a t t he ys h oul dbepa i d Cont r a c tf orf u l lpa g ec a r t oo nonf r ontpa g eof c a r t oons e c t i on Af t e r3we e kswa son3rdpa g e Ba nc ksc o mp l a i ne d,n or e s ul ts ot he nt e r mi na t e d hi so wnc ont r a c t Va r l e yo ffe r e dag oodqua l i t yne wi s hr e a pi n g ma c hi nef ora na gr e e dpr i c e Whi ppa gr e e dt obuye v e nt houg hha d n ’ ts e e ni t y e t Ona r r i v a li twa so l d ,me n de ds oWhi ppr e t ur n e d a ndr e f us e dt opa y Hoe n i gc ont r a c t e dt opa i n ta p a r t me nta nds uppl y f ur n i t ur e Di daba dj obs oha dt opa y$5 5p oundst og e t fix e d Di dn ’ tpa yf ul la mou nto we d Hoe ni gs ue d Empl o y e db ySt e e l et oc utfir e woo di nt oa pa r t i c ul a rs i z ea ndl e n gt h Di dn ’ tdoe v e r yt hi nga ss pe c i fie d

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Wa sa nunf or e s e e nc i r c ums t a nc et ha tne i t h e rpa r t yh a d c on t r olo v e r

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Br e a c hofc on t r a c tt e r ms Es s e nt i a lt oc ont r a c tf or ma t i on Ab l et ot e r mi n a t e Pr o v et he r ewa sabr e a c h

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Con t r a c tc o nt e n t s–s a l eo fg oods :du t yt ode l i v e rg o odsa s i de nt i fie d Se l l e rdi dn ’ tde l i v e rwh a tha dbe e npr omi s e d An yt hi n go fpa r t i a lpe r f or ma nc e=di s c h a r g ec o nt r a c t ua l ob l i g a t i ons

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I s a a c sob l i g e dt oonl yde du c ta c t ua lc o s tofr e p a i r s ,not ob l i g e dt opa yf ul lp r i c e No tpe r f o r me dpe r f e c t l ybutha ds ubs t a n t i a l l y Fa i l ur et or e nde rc o mp l e t ep e r f or ma nc ei sab r e a c hof wa r r a nt y ,no tc ont r a c t Ta r d i nie nt i t l e dt opa y me n tf o rwor kdon ea sSt e e l es t i l l a c c e pt e dhi swor k Subs t a nt i a lpe r f or ma nc e–whe nwor ki sa l mos tdon es o c l os es os t i l le nt i t l e d

Hol l a ndvWi l t s hi r e ( 1954)

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Wi l t s hi r es o l dl a n dt oHol l a nd Wr i t t e na gr e e me nts pe c i fie das e t t l e me ntda t e , c oul dnotp a ys oe xt e nde da nds t i l lc oul dn ’ t Hol l a ndt he ns a i ddi dn oti nt e ndt oc omp l e t es a l e Wi l t s hi r es u e df o r–t e r mi n a t ec ont r a c t ,r e s e l ll a n d, c l a i ml os sf r omh ol l a n d

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Ma hone yvLi nd s e y ( 1980)

7

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Cont r a c t e ds a l eofl a ndt oMa hone y Ma hon e ywa nt sou t Li nds e yi nt e ndst oc ompl e t e Li nds e ymi s s e dme e t i ng

Mc Dona l dvDe nn y La s c e l l e s( 1933)

As s oc i a t e dNe ws pa p e r s Lt dvBa nc ks( 1 951)

  Hol l a ndvWi l t s hi r e ( 1954)

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Ra df or dvDe Fr obe r vi l l e( 197 8)

Ta bc or pHol di ng sLt d

p

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Cont r a c tf orf u l lpa g ec a r t oo nonf r ontpa g eof c a r t oons e c t i on Af t e r3we e kswa son3rdpa g e Ba nc ksc o mp l a i ne d,n or e s ul ts ot he nt e r mi na t e d hi so wnc ont r a c t Wi l t s hi r es o l dl a n dt oHol l a nd Wr i t t e na gr e e me nts pe c i fie das e t t l e me ntda t e , c oul dnotp a ys oe xt e nde da nds t i l lc oul dn ’ t Hol l a ndt he ns a i ddi dn oti nt e ndt oc omp l e t es a l e Wi l t s hi r es u e df o r–t e r mi n a t ec ont r a c t ,r e s e l ll a n d, c l a i ml os sf r omh ol l a n d So l dbl oc kofl a ndt oFr o be r vi l l eo nc on di t i ont he y bu i l ta ne xpe ns i v ebr i c kwa l l Di dn ’ tdos oa n ds ol dpr ope r t y Ra df or ds u e df o rd a ma g e s Gotl e a s e dabui l di n gf or10y e a r s

Te r mi na t i o no fpe r f or ma n c e , l a t epe r f or ma nc e Ye se nt i t l e dt ot he s er e me di e s 2br e a c he s :f a i l i n gt opa yonfir s tda t ea ndt he nont he de a d l i ne En t i t l e dt oc l a i m di ffe r e nc ebe t we e nwha th es ol df o ra n a gr e e dpr i c e Ti meofpe r f o r ma nc e-i mpor t a nt

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Te r mi na t i o no fpe r f or ma n c e–a f t e rt e r mi na t i ont he un pe r f or me dobl i g a t i onsoft h ede f e nda n tmus tbe di s c ha r g e db yt hepa yme ntofda ma g e st ot hee xt e ntt ha tt he f a i l ur et ope r f or mha sc a us e dl os s e s Te r mi na t i o no fpe r f or ma n c e–a ni nn oc e ntpa r t ywhos e e ks t ot e r mi na t ep e r f or ma nc emus tb ea bl et opr o v eabr e a c h c on di t i on,r e me di e s Th et e r mwa se s s e nt i a lt he r e f or ej us t i fie di nt e r mi n a t i o n

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El e c t i n gt ot e r mi na t e–t h ec ont r a c ti t s e l fc ou l da l s ode t a i l wha tt her i ght s / obl i g a t i o nsoft h et e r mi na t i n gpa r t ya r e

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Da ma g e sa i mt oputp l a i nt i ffi nt hes a mefina nc i a lpo s i t i on a si ft h ec ont r a c tha dbe e npe r f or me dpr ope r l y En t i t l e dt oda ma g e se qua lt oc os tofb ui l di n gwa l l

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Da ma g e s–p a r t yi npos i t i oni ft hee v e ntdi dn ’ tha p pe n

vBo we nI n v e s t me n t s Pt yLt d( 2 009) Ha dl e yvBa x e nda l e ( 1854)

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Vi c t or i aLa u ndr y ( Wi nds o r )Lt dv Ne wma nI ndus t r i e sLt d ( 1949)

Ba l t i cSh i pp i n gCov Di l l on( 1993)

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   Bur nsvMa n Aut omot i v e( Aus t )Pt y Lt d( 19 86) Luml e yvWa gne r ( 1852)

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6mont hsi nde mol i s he df o y e ra ndr e b ui l twi t h out pe r mi s s i o n Owne rs ue d Br ok e nc r a nk s ha f t ha dl e ya s k e dBa x e nda l et ode i v e rbr oke ns ha f t t o ma nuf a c t u r e r s de l a yb yawe e k,mi l ll os tp r ofit s Ha dl e ys ue dBa x e nda l ef orne gl i g e nc er e s ul t i n gi n l os so fpr ofit Ne wma nI ndus t r i e s( NI )s o l daboi l e rt oVi c t or i a La u ndr y( VL) . Thede l i v e r yoft h eboi l e rwa sfiv emont hsl a t e . Asar e s ul tofnotha vi n ge no ughl a un dr yc a pa c i t y , VLl os tor di na r ypr ofit sf r o mt he i rbus i ne s s , a nd mi s s e dou tonal u c r a t i v ec l e a ni n gc o nt r a c twi t h t heGo v e r nme nt . VLs ue dNIa nds ou ghtt oc l a i mf orl os s e s Di l l onwa sapa s s e ng e ronac r ui s es hi p( t he “ Mi kha i lLe r mont o v” ) .Thec r ui s ewa sme a n tt o g of or14da y s . Thec r ui s es hi ps a nka f t e ronl y9da y sa ts e a . Di l l ons ue dt heope r a t o r sf orab r e a c hofc o nt r a c t a ndat ot a ll a c kofc ons i de r a t i on. Di l l ona l s os ue df o rda ma g e st ohe rp r ope r t ya nd di s t r e s s . Supp l i e dl a r g ea u t omob i l ewhi c hwa sd e f e c t i v e Not i c e da f t e ray e a rbu tr a ni tf or4b e c a u s eno mone yt ofixi t Cl a i me dda ma g e sf orl os so fv a l ues uffe r e d Wa gne rc ont r a c t e dt os i n gi nLuml e y st he a t r ef ora fix e dt i me

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No tj us tfina nc i a l l ybutph y s i c a l l yt oo

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No tr e a s on a bl yf o r e s e e a bl et oba x e nda l ea ndha dl e yh a d no ti nf or me dofc ons e q u e n c e s Th e r e f or eno tl i a bl et opa yl os si npr ofit s

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Th e yc oul donl yc l a i mt hel os sofor di na r ypr o fit sf r om t he i rb us i ne s s( di r e c tl os s ) . Th el o s soft hec l e a ni ngc ont r a c twi t ht heg o v e r nme ntwa s t oor e mot et ob ec l a i me d,e s pe c i a l l yc on s i de r i ngt h a tno no t i c eofi tha dbe e nbr ou ghtt ot hea t t e nt i on .= c on s e q ue nt i a l

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Awa r de dd a ma g e sf orph y s i c a la ndme n t a ldi s t r e s s No tus ua l l ya wa r de d Onl yi fme n t a li s s u e ss t e mf r omph y s i c a ll os sori fpoi ntof a c t i vi t ywa st oe n j o yi t

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Mi t i g a t i onofl os sf orb r e a c hofc ont r a c t No tr e qui r e dt ot a k es t e pst omi t i g a t el o s si ft h e ydonot ha v et heme a nst odos o En t i t l e dt of ul lda ma g e s Re me di e sf ors p e c i ficpe r f o r ma nc eo v e rl o ngpe r i odo ft i me Ac t ua lp e r f or ma nc eoft h epr omi s ec o ul dn o tb eor de r e d,

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9

Ro g e r svWhi t a k e r ( 1992) Pe r r evApa ndPt yLt d ( 1999)

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Al s opr omi s e dt ono ts i n ga n ywhe r ee l s e Luml e ywa nt st oe nf or c e

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Und e r we nts ur ge r yona d v i c eo fs ur g e on Sur g e ondi dnotwa r nhe rofr i s ks Bl i ndi ns e c o nde y en o w Af a r me ri mpo r t e dpot a t os e e dsi n f e c t e dwi t h ba c t e r i a Ba c t e r i as pr e a da ndda ma g e dc r op s ,d a ma gi n g r e put a t i on Thi sme a ntt hef a r me r swe r euna b l et os e l lt h e i r po t a t oe s The ybr ou ghta na c t i ona g a i ns tt h ef a r me r

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Dono g huevSt e v e ns on ( 1932) Rome ovCo ns e r v a t i on Commi s s i onoft he Nor t he r nt e r r i t or y ( 1998) Ade e l sPa l a c ePt yLt d vMo uba r a k( 2 009)

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Sna i li nbot t l e Be c a meu n we l la nds i c ka sar e s ul t Ha dt o omuc ht odr i nka ndwe ntt ona t ur er e s e r v e Fe l loffc l i ffn otf e n c e d ,ba dl yi nj ur e d

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no te nf or c ep os i t i v ep r omi s e st or e n de rpe r s ona ls e r vi c e s Spe c i ficpe r f or ma nc en otor de r e do v e rl o n gpe r i odoft i me orf o rpe r s ona ls e r vi c e s=nogua r a nt e ebot hpa r t i e swi l l pe r f or ma sr e q ui r e d Ne gl i g e nc eb yc onduc t–ma ki n gas t a t e me ntorgi vi n g a d vi c e ,orf a i l i n gt odos o Re l e v a n c eofs pe c i a ls ki l l Ty peofha r mi nne gl i ge nc e–p ur ee c ono mi cl os s Th e r ewa sadut yofc a r e ,Hewa sl i a bl ef ort h el os s e s Wh e r eaDkno ws ,ori sl i ke l yt okno w,t ha thi sc on d uc ti s l i k e l yt oc a us eha r mt ope r s onorpr ope r t y ,hemus tt a k e r e a s ona bl ec a r e Wh e r ee c onomi cl os si ss uffe r e d,c ou r t sVu l n e r a b i l i t ywa s s i gni fic a nt ;f a r me r sc oul dn ’ tpr ot e c tt he ms e l v e s . Th e r ewa sahi ghl e v e lofc on t r olb yt heD.

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Es t a bl i s hi n gadut yofc a r e

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whe t he rar e a s o na bl epe r s onwoul dha v et a k e npr e c a u t i ons a ga i ns tar i s kofha r m–l i ke l i ne s sofha r m y e st odu t yofc a r ebutun de rc i r c ums t a nc e sha r mwa ss o un l i k e l ys oha dnotbr e a c he d Lo s so ri n j ur y–br e a c hofdut ywa sane c e s s a r yc o n di t i on ofoc c ur r e nc eoft heha r m Ye st he r ewa sabr e a c hofdut yt ha tr e s ul t e di nha r m– s ome onebe i n gs hot=r e a s on a bl yf o r e s e e a bl e

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Moub a r a ka tani ght c l uba tADe e l spa l a c e g oti nt oafig htonda nc efloora ndma nr e t ur ne d wi t hg una n ds hoth i m s ue df orne gl i g e n c e–n o ta de q ua t es e c ur i t yt o pr e v e ntt hi s

Topic 5  Terms t...