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ASEAN Overview •Interstate cooperation •ASEAN’s Precursors Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954 Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) in 1961 MAPHILINDO in 1963 ASEAN Declaration ● also known as the Bangkok Declaration ● the founding document of ASEANThe Bangkok Declaration was signed by...

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ASEAN Overview •Interstate cooperation •ASEAN’s Precursors • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954 • Association of Southeast Asia (ASA) in 1961 • MAPHILINDO in 1963 ASEAN Declaration ● also known as the Bangkok Declaration ● the founding document of ASEAN The Bangkok Declaration was signed by (L-R) then Foreign Affairs Secretary Narciso Ramos (Philippines), Foreign Minister Adam Malik (Indonesia), Foreign Minister Dr. Thanat Khoman (Thailand), Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein (Malaysia), and Foreign Minister S. Rajaratnam (Singapore) on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand. Goal of the ASEAN → December 1997 - ASEAN VISION 2020 was realized ● Single community in SEA - living in peace, stability, prosperity bound together by partnership in dynamic development ● Different spheres of cooperation (pol, econ, and social) ● 9th ASEAN summit in 2003: 3 pillars or communities were formed - foundation of the ASEAN community ● Originally 2020 but shortened to 2015 in the 12th ASEAN summit in 2007 ● The earlier we start, the earlier we get to our end goal → 3 GOALS Peace ● Political and security community is the primary goal: preventing conflict (which may lead to war) ● Establish mechanisms/rules to use when there is conflict ● ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)and ASEAN plus three (prc, japan, korea) ● Engage major powers with ASEAN (make them interested and invested, especially monetary wise, in order to avoid them seeing us as potential enemies) ● Rules-based foundation on relationship with states ● Limits: claims in South China Sea - multilateral vs bilateral Prosperity ● Common ground between national interest and regional benefits ● Free trade area is in place within the region ● ASEAN external economic relations - FTAs (China and India) ● Countries need to be able to marry their national interest and regional interest ● If u strengthen the region economically, it will spread over to others ● Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2025 (Oct 2010) - ASEAN community building ○ To narrow the development gap among member states ○ Deeper sense of community thru exchanges and contracts ● Importance of national commitments - funding the Master Plan would come from contributions from member states People ● Socio-cultural community - human and developmental issues arising from economic integration ● Wants to show that people are benefiting economically and politically ● Social protection and social development in the context of economic development (impact of trade and economic competitiveness) ● Labor mobility: skills development and recognition ● Ordinary citizens to feel the sense of community ASEAN Declaration 1. To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavours in the spirit of

equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of South-East Asian Nations; 2. To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter; 3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields; 4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and administrative spheres; 5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture and industries, the expansion of their trade, including the study of the problems of international commodity trade, the improvement of their transportation and communications facilities and the raising of the living standards of their peoples; 6. To promote South-East Asian studies; 7. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with existing international and regional organizations with similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for even closer cooperation among themselves. Member States • Indonesia • Malaysia • Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • Brunei (1984) • Vietnam (1995) • Laos (1997) • Myanmar (1997) • Cambodia (1999) Observer States • Papua New Guinea • Timor Leste Fundamental Principles of ASEAN • As identified in the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) of 1976: 1. Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations; 2. The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion; 3. Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another; 4. Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner; 5. Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and 6. Effective cooperation among themselves. ASEAN Concord II • October 7, 2003 • Also known as Bali Concord II • An integrated ASEAN Community comprising three pillars: ➔ ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) ➔ ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) ➔ ASEAN Socio-cultural Community (ASCC)

Three Pillars of ASEAN Community ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) • Aims to ensure that the peoples and Member States of ASEAN live in peace with one another and with the world at large in a just, democratic and harmonious environment. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) • Aims to transform ASEAN into a stable, prosperous, and highly competitive region with equitable economic development, and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) • Aims to contribute to realizing an ASEAN Community that is peopleoriented and socially responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and unity among the peoples and Member States of ASEAN. ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) • ASEAN Charter ➔ signed by the ASEAN Member States on November 2007 ➔ serves as a firm foundation in achieving the ASEAN Community by providing legal status and institutional framework for ASEAN ➔ codifies ASEAN norms, rules and values; sets clear targets for ASEAN; and presents accountability and Compliance ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) • democracy, rule of law and good governance, respect for and promotion and protection of human rights, and fundamental freedoms Some notable treaties: • Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality (1971) ➔ That Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand are determined to exert initially necessary efforts to secure the recognition of, and respect for, South East Asia as a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, free from any form or manner of interference by outside Powers; ➔ That South East Asian countries should make concerted efforts to broaden the areas of cooperation which would contribute to their strength, solidarity and closer relationship. • Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (1976) • Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (1995) ➔ Moratorium treaty signed by the ASEAN Member States to preserve the Southeast Asian region as a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone ➔ Nuclear Threat Initiative (2019): “ASEAN members established the treaty, a critical component of ASEAN’s Declaration on a Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality, to ensure the absence of nuclear explosive devices in the region.”

ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) and Human Rights ▪ “ASEAN Way” ➔ “speak-no-evil-of-a-fellow member” ➔ quiet diplomacy ➔ informal rule on consensus-building ▪ Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (1976) ➔ signed on February 1976 by the founding members of the ASEAN ➔ “...to promote perpetual peace, everlasting amity and cooperation among their peoples which would contribute to their strength, solidarity and closer relationship.” ▪ ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (2009) approach and non-interference ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) • Fundamental Principles of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (1976) a. Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity of all nations; b. The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion; c. Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another; d. Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful means; e. Renunciation of the threat or use of force; f. Effective cooperation among themselves. • ASEAN Charter ➔ signed by the ASEAN Member States on November 2007 ➔ serves as a firm foundation in achieving the ASEAN Community by providing legal status and institutional framework for ASEAN ➔ codifies ASEAN norms, rules and values; sets clear targets for ASEAN; and presents accountability and compliance ➔ Preamble: ◆ RESPECTING the fundamental importance of amity and cooperation, and the principles of sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, non-interference, consensus and unity in diversity; ◆ ADHERING to the principles of democracy, the rule of law and good governance, respect for and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms ➔ Article 1 (Purposes): To strengthen democracy, enhance good governance and the rule of law, and to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms, with due regard to the rights and responsibilities of the Member States of ASEAN; ➔ Article 14 (ASEAN Human Rights Body): 1. In conformity with the purposes and principles of the ASEAN Charter relating to the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, ASEAN shall establish an ASEAN human rights body. 2. This ASEAN human rights body shall operate in accordance with the terms of reference to be determined by the ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting. ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) ➔ Non-interference and consensus-building ◆ respect for sovereignty ◆ quiet diplomacy ◆ consensus-seeking ➢ credited for the longevity of ASEAN and stability of the region ➔ Constructive / Flexible Engagement ◆ inter-state involvement ◆ prevention of weaker state’s internal collapse ◆ open and frank discussions

➢ there are undefined parameters on issues that need to be discussed openly by Member States 1967 ASEAN Declaration “...in an increasingly interdependent world, the cherished ideals of peace, freedom, social justice and economic well-being are best attained by fostering good understanding, good neighborliness and meaningful cooperation among the countries of the region already bound together by ties of history and culture...” 1992 Framework Agreements on Enhancing ASEAN Economic Cooperation • Establishment of the ASEAN Free Trade Area to spur and enhance intra-ASEAN economic cooperation • Lowering of intra-regional tariffs • Reduction or elimination of non-tariff barriers between and among each other on the import and export of products ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) • to create a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN economic region in which there is a free flow of goods, services, investment and a freer flow of capital, equitable economic development and reduced poverty and socioeconomic disparities • to establish an open, forward-looking, inclusive, and market-driven economy AEC Blueprint 2015 • Crafted to realize the ASEAN Economic Community defined by its four main characteristics: a single market and production base, a highly competitive economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region fully integrated into the global economy • All ASEAN Member States shall abide by and implement the AEC by 2015. • Adopted by the ASEAN Leaders at the 27th ASEAN Summit on 22 November 2015 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia → Recognizing “that regional economic integration is a dynamic, ongoing process as economies as well as domestic and external environments are constantly evolving.” • Consists of five interrelated and mutually reinforcing characteristics: → A Highly Integrated and Cohesive Economy; ● Trade in goods and services ● Facilitating the movement of skilled labor and business visitors ● Enhancing participation in global value chains ● ASEAN Single Window where the NSWs of ASEAN Member States operate and integrate ○ Simplifying and harmonizing trade processes → A Competitive, Innovative, and Dynamic ASEAN; ● Effective competition policy ● Good governance ● Sustainable economic development → Enhanced Connectivity and Sectoral Cooperation; ● Information and communications technology ● Transport ● E-commerce → A Resilient, Inclusive, People-Oriented, & People-Centred ASEAN; and ● Strengthening the role of MSMEs ● Public-private partnerships ● Narrowing the development gap → A Global ASEAN ● Engagement with regional and global partners

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Support the multilateral trading system and regional fora

ASEAN SOCIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY → Focused on ensuring that the people within the ASEAN are living a quality of life → This pillar is seen to be a vital contributor to the achievement of the first 2 pillars ASCC Overview ● Lift the quality of life of people through cooperation ● Cooperation that is: people oriented and centered, environmentally friendly, promotes sustainable development ● Human development, resiliency, and sustainable development ● Goals: decline of extreme poverty, expand the middle class, improve health and education, increase in the workforce and infrastructure development ● Cooperation is through a wide range of areas: ○ Culture and info ○ Education ○ Sports and health ○ Etc ○ In line with the SDGs Role of the SC Pillar ● Social integration is necessary to make the org stronger ● Key elements of the ASCC: human development, welfare, rights and justice, environmental stability, narrowing development gap, building the ASEAN identity ● ASCC Blueprint 2025: participation, inclusiveness, sustainability, resilience, and identity building ● mindset>>behavior>>>action ● Shared identity will create a stronger institution in the ASEAN because common manners of acting, feeling, and thinking would ensure that everyone moves in the same direction 2 things the ASCC should address → Transnational problems ● Haze, pollution, etc: Holding companies/businesses accountable ● Rights and justice, human rights Ex: IP rights, land rights/issues (land grabbing, displacement) → Spell out what it wants to be ● What is the ASEAN identity ● Raising awareness through education on: region’s history, affinities, close cultural ties among members, etc ● Build trust and common sense of belonging...