Lecture Bio 2 Exam 2 - Mostly definitions of important terminology and a few explanations PDF

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Mostly definitions of important terminology and a few explanations...

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Exam 2 Questions 1.) The building blocks of nucleic acids in a nucleotide 2.) What molecules holds instructions for the synthesis of proteins and copies itself for the next generation of cells? DNA 3.) Complementary DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds 4.) The enzyme that unwinds DNA is helicase 5.) Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments is ligase 6.) Enzyme that builds a short complementary piece of RNA at the start of each DNA segment is primase 7.) Enzyme that adds nucleotides along the 5’ to 3’ along a DNA strand is DNA polymerase 8.) Apoptosis is a name for the process of programmed cell death 9.) Before any cell divides into two daughter cells, it must first duplicate its cytoplasmic contents/array of enzymes and entire genome 10.) A nucleosome consists of a stretch of DNA and histones 11.) The process by which a sperm cell combines with an egg cell is fertilization 12.) Meiosis is a process used for production of gametes 13.) The two main stages of the eukaryote cell cycle, in which the cell spends most of its time and metabolic energy are interphase and mitosis 14.) While in the biology lab, you observe, in both plant and animal cells, that some single cells are splitting into two daughter cells, in the process of cytokinesis 15.) The correct sequence for the phases of the cell cycle, starting with a newly divided cell, is interphase- mitosis- cytokinesis 16.) The correct sequence for the phases of mitosis, shown in correct sequence in this diagram, is prophase - prometaphase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase. 17.) The phase of mitosis in which the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite is anaphase 18.) The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes condense and centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell is prophase 19.) The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are aligned along the equator of the cell is metaphase 20.) If one strand of a DNA molecule has the base sequence of 5'-ATGTGCC-3' the complementary strand of DNA will read 3'-TACACGG-5' 21.) The phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope reforms is telophase 22.) . If a mutation causes the "T" base in the base sequence 5'-AGTCCG-3' to be read as a "G" base, DNA replication of the mutated sequence will read: 3'-TCCGGC-5' 23.) In order for a cell to become cancerous, oncogenes must be ___, or tumor suppressors are ___. Activated, inactivated

24.) 3. In the biology lab, you are shown petri dishes of cheek cell cultures. One set of cells is thin, with individual cells arranged in a single, orderly layer. The other culture shows irregular crowding of cells. The crowding cells are likely cancer cells, showing an absence of contact inhibition 25.) Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of a species in a changing environment because sexual reproduction produces genetically variable individuals in the population. 26.) The human chromosomes that do not determine whether an individual is male or female are autosomes 27.) Chromosomal combination for a human male is XY 28.) Chromosomal combination for a female is XX 29.) The process by which homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material is crossing over 30.) Nondisjunction may cause trisomy 21, turner syndrome, klinefelter syndrome 31.) How many of the mothers chromosomes are present in the egg before it is fertilized? 23 32.) The movement of a section of DNA from a chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome is an example of translocation during meiosis 33.) Which of the following statements is correct about epigenetic mechanisms? They occur early in life b. Methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that is associated with methylation of cytosine that is situated next to a guanine c. Modifications of histones can turn ON or OFF gene expression depending on the type of modifications that occur along the histone tail 34.) Which of the following diseases are due to a translocation of a piece of a chromosome from one location to another? Acute Myelogenous leukemia 35.) A three-base sequence (loop) in tRNA that is complementary to a sequence of three bases in mRNA is a(n) anticodon 36.) The step of translation in which amino acids are added one at a time to the growing polypeptide is elongation 37.) Plays a role in transcription? RNA polymerase 38.) Poly A tail and mRNA cap are added during mRNA processing 39.) The codon is a sequence of nucleotide that belongs to mRNA 40.) Which is not a stop codon? AUG 41.) Which is correct? Translation is efficient since many ribosomes attach to mRNA leading to the formation of many polypeptides 42.) Which is true? Frameshift mutations affect multiple codons b. Insertion of one nucleotide changes every codon after the insertion and Substitution of one nucleotide by another can lead to the formation of a different amino acid 43.) Sickle cell anemia is a disorder that results from substitution

44.) What type of mutation has occurred in the following? Normal allele 5'–GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC–3' Mutant allele 5'–GGAAUGAAAUCAGGAACCC–3' - insertion of one base 45.) The 5’ and 3’ designations used in reference to DNA and RNA sequences are assigned to the carbon atoms of deoxyribose and ribose 46.) If the DNA in a cell consists of 20% A, it will be ___ G. 30% 47.) Replication takes place during G1 phase of interhase - false 48.) The process by which DNA is reproduced with associated enzymes is DNA replication 49.) Proteins involved in attaching the chromosomes to the mitotic spindle are kinetochores 50.) Structure that organizes the protein subunits - centrosome 51.) DNA replication is - semiconservative...