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Seminar 6 - Licences: Use of licence as a mechanism of “landholding” 1. WHAT IS A LICENCE?  License – purely personal permission given by owner or occupier of land to a person to do something on that land which otherwise be a trespass; o Thomas v Sorrell (1673) - ‘A licence passes no interest, nor ...

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Se mi nar6-Li c e nc e s :Us eo fl i c e nc easame c hani s m of“l a ndhol di ng” 1. WHATI SALI CENCE?  Li c e n s e–pur e l ype r s o nalpe r mi s s i ongi v e nb yo wne roroc c u pi e ro fl a ndt oape r s ont odos o me t hi ngont ha tl and whi c hot he r wi s ebeat r e s pas s ; o ThomasvSor r e l l( 16 73)-‘ Al i c e n c epa s s e sn oi nt e r e s t , nort r a ns f e r spr o pe r t y , butonl ymake sanac t i on l a wf ul ,whi c hwi t houti thadbe e nunl a wf ul . ’ o E. g . r e c o v e raba l l , pl a yc r i c ke t ,c a r r yf e l l e dt i mbe ra wa y , e n j o ye x c l us i v epos s e s s i onofabui l di n gf ora n i n de fini t epe r i odwh i c hwou l dha v ebe e nal e a s ei ft hepe r i odha sbe e nde fini t e ,r i ght sofl odg e r sa ndgue s t si n aho t e l , r i ghtt os uppl yr e f r e s hme nti nat he a t r e , p e r mi s s i ont ov i e war a c ea tHa pp yVa l l e y , pe r mi s s i ont o v i e wafil mi nac i n e ma , pe r mi s s i ont omi n eorpr os pe c t ;  Li c e n c e l e a s e ;l i c e nc e e a s e me nt ; o Li c e n c e–de f e nc et oa na c t i onf o rt r e s pa s s ,do e snotc r e at ea nypr opr i e t ar yi nt e r e s t ;  Pur c ha s e rc anr e qui r el i c e ns e et ol e a v et hel andr e g a r dl e s sofwh e t he rhet a ke st hel a ndf o rv a l ueor b ywa yofgi f t , a n dwhe t he rhehasnot i c eoft hel i c e nc eorno t ;  Li c e n s e e ’ son l yr e me dyi sa g a i ns tl i c e ns or ;  Li c e ns e enotpr ot e c t e db yLandl or da ndTe nant( Cons o l i dat i on)Or di nanc e( Cap. 7) ;  Bar el i c e ns e ec anno tgr ants ubl i c e ns e ; o Co nt r a c t ua ll i c e ns e ema ybea bl et o;  Li c e ns e ec annotgr antal e as ebi nd i ngonl i c e ns or–s i nc eheha snoe s t at ei nt hel ando utofwhi c ht oc a r v ea n y i nt e r e s t ; o Ho we v e r , i fl i c e ns e epu r por t st ogr a ntal e a s e ,at e nanc yb ye s t oppe lwoul da r i s e ; 2 .TYPESOFLI CENCES  ( a)Ba r el i c e ns e s o Si mpl epe r mi s s i ong r a nt e dot he r wi s et hanf orv al uabl ec ons i de r a t i on; o Li c e n s e enotat r e s pas s e runl e s shegoe sbe y ondt heg e ogr aphi c alort e mpor all i mi toft hepe r mi s s i on gr a n t e d ; o Ca nb eg r ant e de xpr e s s l yori mpl i e dl y;  Expr e s sgr a nt-i n vi t a t i ont odi n n e rp a r t y;pe r mi s s i on st or e c o v e rl os tba l l sf r om y ou rg a r de n  I mpl i e dgr a n t-i fdo e snotl oc kg a t e=ma ybei mp l i e di nf a v ourofa l lc i t i z e n s , whor e a s ona bl yt hi n k t ha tt he yh a v el e gi t i ma t ebus i ne s st oknoc ko nt h edoor ;  Butwi t houtc l e a rpe r mi s s i onf r om o c c upi e r ,u nde rc ommo nl a w, o rt hr o ughs t a t ut or ypo we r– i mpl i e dl i c e nc ee ndswi t ht heknoc kont hedo or , c annote nt e r ; o Li c e n c edo e snotg e ne r al l yc onf e re x c l us i v er i g ht sonl i c e ns e eu n l e s se x c l us i v e n e s si ss t i pul a t e do rne c e s s a r y a sama t t e rofi mpl i c a t i on ; o I fl andc o o wne dby2ormor epe r s o nsa st e na nt si nc ommo n,a n yoft he m ha spo we rt ogr a ntl i c e nc et o o c c up ypr ope r t yonnone x c l us i v eba s i s–c annotbet e r mi nat e dbyt heot he r s ; o Ba r el i c e nc ei sr e v oc abl ea twi l la ta n yt i mewi t houtanypr i orno t i c e( e v e ni fg r a nt e db yde e d) ;  I mme di a t e l yr e v oke dbyde a t ho fl i c e ns orordi s pos i t i onofhi sl and;  Onc er e v ok e d,l i c e ns e eha sr e a s onabl et i met opac kupandl e a v e ;  ( b)Li c e ns e sc oupl e dwi t ha ni nt e r e s t o l i c e nc ewhi c hi sgi v e nt o g e t he rwi t ht hegr antofa ni nt e r e s ti nl and  E. g . p e r s onma yb eg r a nt e dal i c e nc et oe nt e rt hel anda ndar i gh tt ohuntde e r( pr o fit )a ndt ak e a wa yt hede e rki l l e dort h et r e e sf e l l e d; o Th i st ypeofl i c e nc ec annotber e v oke dunt i lt hei nt e r e s twi t hwhi c hi twasgr a nt e dha sc omet oane nd ( Pa l me rvFl e t c he r( 1663) )  ( c )Cont r a c t uall i c e ns e s o Li c e n s egr a nt e df orv al ua bl ec ons i de r at i on( e . g. t i c k e tf orc i ne ma , t e mp or a r ypa r ki n gi nc omme r c i a lc a r pa r k, e x c l us i v er i ghtt opr o v i der e f r e s hme nt si nat he a t r e ) ;  Long t e r m oc c upanc yma yal s ot aket hef o r mo fl i c e ns ei ns t e ado ft e nanc y( e v adet hepr ot e c t i on u nde rLandl or dandTe nant( Co ns ol i da t i on)Or di na nc e ) ; o Ext e nto fr i gh t sund e rc ont r a c t ua ll i c e ns el a r g e l yg o v e r ne db yc ont r ac t ualpr i nc i pl e s ;  T e r msof t e ne x pr e s s l ya gr e e d ,bu tc e r t ai nt e r ms=i mpl i e d; o I nt h epa s t , c ont r a c t ua ll i c e nc ei so r i gi na l l yr e v oc abl eatt hewi l loft hel i c e ns o r ;  Woo dvLe adbi t t e r( 1845 )  Fa c t s :Pbough tat i c k e tf orgr a nds t a nda tar a c e c ou r s e .Das ke dPt ol e a v ebutPr e f us e d. D us e dr e a s ona bl ef or c et or e mo v eP .Ps ue df ora s s a ul ta ndf a l s ei mp r i s onme nt  He l d :d i s t i n gui s he dbe t we e nme r el i c e nc e( f orc ons i de r a t i onorno t )=r e v oc abl e l i c e nc e wi t hi nt e r e s t r e v oc a bl e ;

Co nt r a c t ua ll i c e n c e( l i c e n c ef orc ons i d e r a t i on)t oe nt e rgr a n ds t a n da f t e rpur c h a s eof t i c k e t=me r el i c e n c e=r e v oc a bl e ;  P’ sr e me d yi st os ue f orda ma g e sf orbr e a c hofc ont r a c t o Ast h el i c e nc ei sr e v oc a bl e , on c er e v oke d,Dwase nt i t l e dt ous er e as onabl ef or c et o r e mo v ePf r om t h epr e mi s ea ndwa snotl i abl ef oras s aul t/f a l s ei mpr i s o nme nt ;  Si gni fic a nc e :f ol l o we di nNCChanvChungLe eCons t r uc t i onCo[ 1964] Cha ng eo fappr oa c h–r e me d yunf a i rt h a tl i c e nc ec oul dber e v oke de v e ni fi twoul dbeabr e ac h o fc ont r ac t ;2ne wa pp r oa c h e s :  ( i )I mpl i e dobl i ga t i onnott or e v oket hel i c e nc ei nt hec ont r ac tunt i lt hepur pos ef or whi c ht hec o nt r ac twase nt e r e di nt ohasbe e nf ul fil l e d o Hur s tvPi c t ur eThe at r e sLt d[ 1 915]  Fa c t s :Ppa i dt owa t c has ho wi nD’ st h e a t r e .Pwa smi s t a ke nl yr e mo v e da nd s u e dDf ora s s a ul ta ndf a l s ei mp r i s onme nt  He l d :Pur pos eoft hel i c e n s ewa st owa t c has ho w. Sot he r e ’ sa ni mp l i e dt e r m t ha tt hel i c e ns ewo ul dn otber e v ok e dbe f o r et hes ho wi so v e r . Dl i a bl ef o r a s s a ul ta ndf a l s ei mpr i s onme nt  ( i i )Equi t abl er e me di e sofi nj unc t i onors pe c i ficpe r f or manc ec anbeg r ant e dt opr e v e nt r e v oc a t i oni nbr e ac ho ft hel i c e nc ec ont r ac t( Hi ghCour tOr di na nc e( Cap.4 ) ) ; o o whe t h e rac ont r a c t ua ll i c e nc ei sr e v oc abl ede pe nd sont hepr ope rc ons t r uc t i onof t hec ont r ac t , i ft h e r ewa sa ne xpr e s sori mpl i e dt e r m no tt or e v oke ,o ri ft h e e q ui t a bl er e me d yofi nj unc t i oni sa v a i l a bl e , t he ni ti snotr e v oc abl eunt i lt hee ndof t hel i c e nc e o Wi nt e rGar de nThe at r evMi l l e nni um Pr oduc t i onsLt d[ 194 8]  t or e v okeac ont r a c t ua ll i c e nc ewoul dbeabr e ac hofc ont r ac t–e qu i t yc oul d gr a nta ni nj unc t i ont opr e v e ntt hebr e ac hpr o vi d e dt ha tt he r ewa sa n e x pr e s sori mpl i e do bl i g at i onno tt or e v oket hel i c e n c e( ma t t e rof c o ns t r uc t i on,de pe n dsont h ec on t r a c t ) ;  Whe r ec ont r ac tdo e snote xpr e s s l ypr o vi def o rar i ghtt or e v oke t hel i c e nc ea ndt h el i c e nc ei sf oranunc e r t ai ndur a t i o n,i tc a nbe i nf e r r e dt ha tt hel i c e ns o rha sar i g htt or e v o keo nr e as onabl enot i c e ; o * Houns l owLondonBor o ug hCounc i lvTwi c ke nham Gar de nDe v e l opme nt sLt d [ 19 71]–f ol l o we dWi nt e rGar de n  Fa c t s :l i c e n c egi v e nt oc ont r ac t ort oc ar r youtwor ksons i t ef or me dpa r tof t hebui l di ngc ont r a c t  He l d:l i c e nc enotr e v oc abl ea st h e r ewa sa ni mpl i e do bl i ga t i onnott o r e v okewh i l et hepe r i o doft h ebui l di n gc ont r a c twa sr unni n g;  Equi t ywi l lno ta s s i s tPt or e v o kel i c e nc ei nbr e ac ho fc ont r ac t ;  Whe t he rPc oul dr e v ok et hel i c e nc ewoul dde pe ndont h ev a l i di t yof t heno t i c e sgi v e n–de pe nde dondi s put e dmat t e r soff ac t ; Al t hou ghal i c e nc ei sg e ne r a l l yi r r e v oc a b l ei fi n j unc t i onors pe c i ficpe r f or ma nc ei nf a v ouroft h e l i c e ns e ei so rwoul dha v ebe e na v a i l a b l ef o l l o wi ngHouns l ow, c our tma yal l o wr e v oc at i oni f c onv e ni e nc eo ft hec a s ej us t i fie si t ;  Li c e n s ors ome t i me sno tonl ya t t e mp t st or e v ok et hel i c e n c e ,b uta l s os e e ksi nt e r l oc ut or y i nj unc t i ont oe x c l udet hel i c e ns e ef r om t hepr e mi s e s o i fl i c e ns orc annotbeade qua t e l yc ompe ns at e di ndamag e swhe r e a st hel i c e n s e e c a nbes oc omp e ns a t e d, t h ec our twi l la l l o wt hei nj u nc t i one v e ni fi tma yi ne ffe c t c o ndonet hebr e a c hofc ont r a c t ;  Ya uFookHongCoLt dvManChe ongCo ns t r uc t i onCo[ 19 81]–o nt heba l a n c eof c on v e ni e nc e ,c o ur tgr a nt e dani nt e r l oc ut or yi nj unc t i ont opr e v e ntDf r om e nt e r i n gP’ sl a nd, whi l ePs o ughtt ot e r mi na t ec o nt r ac tandg e tpos s e s s i on; o De c i s i onr e l i e duponMay fie l dHo l di ngsLt dvMoanaRe e fLt d[ 1973]–a g a i ns t Ho uns l ow–i nl i ghto fbus i ne s se ffic a c y , s houl dno tf or c eabr o ke ndo wn c o nt r ac t ualr e l at i ons hi p;  Ho v e rBas eI nv e s t me nt sLt dvBe s tConc e ptMa nag e me ntLt d& Ano r[ 20 04]–gr a nt e da n i nt e r l o c ut or yi nj unc t i ont or e s t r a i nDl i c e ns e e sf r om e nt e r i n gt hep r e mi s e sofar i di n gc l ub pu r s ua ntt oama na g e me nta gr e e me nt( r e l i e do nMay fie l dHol di ngs ) ; o Tr i a lj ud g e ’ sc ons e r v a t i v ea ppr o a c hc ha l l e n g e di nCA–Dsha ds t r on gc a s ef or r e ma i n i n gont hel a n d, ba l a nc eofc on v e ni e nc ei nf a v ourofDs ; o Co mmonl a wpos i t i onwhe r eal i c e nc e ,u nl e s sc oupl e dwi t ha ni nt e r e s t , wa sa l wa y s r e v oc a b l eha sbe e nmodi fie di n3a s pe c t s : o

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( i )Re v oc at i onma yber e s t r i c t e dbyc ont r ac t–whe t h e rornota ndi nwha t c i r c ums t a nc e sac ont r a c t ua ll i c e nc ei sr e v oc a bl ei samat t e ro fc ons t r uc t i on ( Wi nt e rGar de nThe at r e ) ;  ( i i )Li c e nc ewhi c hhasbe e nac t e dupo nc annotus ual l yber e v oke d ( Wi nt e rvBr oc kwe l l( 1807) ) ;  ( i i i )Pr opr i e t ar ye s t oppe lma yope r a t et or e s t r i c ti t sr e v oc a t i on;  * ( i i )a nd( i i i )–s i mi l a r–unr e a s ona bl ef orl i c e ns ort or e v ok ei fi nr e l i a nc eo f l i c e n c et hel i c e ns e ec ome sont hel a ndt od os ome t h i ng ; o Wh e r el i c e nc et ooc c up yl a n di sgi v e na spa r toft e r msofa ne mpl o y me ntc ont r ac t ,whe nc ont r a c te ndst he n l i c e nc ee nds ;  Li c e n s e ee nt i t l e dt or e a s ona bl et i met opa c kup ; o Wh e r el i c e nc ec a nb et e r mi na t e dbynot i c e ,l i c e ns e ei se nt i t l e dt onomor et i met ha ni sr e as onabl y ne c e s s ar yf orhi mt ov ac at epr e mi s e s( n otr e a s ona bl et i mef orhi mt ofinda not h e rpl a c e ) ; ( d)Li c e nc e sbye s t oppe l o Re me d yor de r e db yt h ec our to nt h eba s i sofpr opr i e t ar ye s t oppe l c our tc a nor de rar e me dywhi c hwoul d be s tf ul fil lB’ se xpe c t a t i on.Ther e me dyr ang e sf r om t hegr a ntoff e es i mp l e( i nEn gl a nd) ,t ot hegr a n tof l e a s e s , e a s e me n t sorl i c e nc e sormone t a r yc omp e ns a t i on.  I fape r s onh a sa c t e dt ohi sde t r i me nti nr e l i anc eont hebe l i e fore xpe c t at i ont ha theo wnsorwi l l a c qui r ear i ght/i nt e r e s ti na no t he rpe r s o n ’ sl a n d,a ndt h el ando wne rhase i t he re nc o ur ag e dt ha t be l i e f/e xpe c t a t i on orha sa c qui e s c e di nhi sa c t i on,i ti sunc ons c i onabl ef ort hel a ndo wne r s u b s e que nt l yt ode n yap r ope rf ul fil l me nto ft hep e r s on ’ sbe l i e f/e x pe c t a t i on( Tay l o r ’ sFas hi onsLt d vLi v e r po olVi c t or i aTr us t e e sCoLt d[ 1982] ) ; o Wh e r et h ec our tor de rt heg r a ntofal i c e nc ea sar e me d y ,t her e v oc abi l i t ywoul dus ual l ybes t i pul a t e di nt he or de r . I tma ybei r r e v oc abl e ,o rr e v oc abl eo nc e r t ai nc ondi t i onse gwhe nt hec hi l dr e nr e a c ht h ea g eof1 8.  I nwar dsvBake r[ 1965]–l i c e nc ef orl i f e  Fa c t sSonbui l tbu n g a l o wonf a t he r ’ sl a nd–a c t e do nf a t he r ’ ss ug g e s t i on–t os on ’ sd e t r i me nt ( onh i so wne xpe n s e )–be l i e vi nghec oul dl i v et he r ef orl i f e ;  He l d :Cour tgr a nt e dhi ml i c e nc ef orl i f e ;  ReShar pe( abankr upt )[ 1 980]-i r r e v oc abl el i c e nc eunt i ll oanr e pai d  Fa c t s :Db or r o we dmone yf r om a un tt obuyhome–a gr e e dt ha ta untc oul dl i v ewi t hDa ndh i s wi f ei nt hi shous ea ndt he ywoul dl ookaf t e rhe r ;Dwe ntba nkr upt ;t r us t e e i nb a nkr upt c y s o ughtv a c a ntp os s e s s i on;  He l d :a gr e e me ntbe t we e nDa ndhi sa unta mo unt e dt oane s t oppe li n t e r e s ta nda untwa s gi v e na ni r r e v oc abl el i c e nc eunde rc o ns t r uc t i v et r us tt ol i v ei nhous eunt i ll oanr e pai d; o Ri g htwa sbi ndi n go nt r us t e e i nba n kr up t c y;  Gr e as l e yvCo oke[ 198 0]-i r r e v oc abl el i c e nc e  Fa c t :Cwa sma i ds e r v a nti nG’ sh ome–Cha dr e l a t i o ns hi pwi t hG’ ss on;Af t e rGdi e d,C c on t i nue dt ol i v et he r ea ndwor ke dashous e ke e pe rbutwi t hnopa y;G’ ss ona n dhi sbr ot he r pr omi s e dCt ha ts hec oul dl i v et he r er e ntf r e ef orasl ongass hel i ke ;  He l d :Cha da c t e dt ohe rde t r i me ntb ys t a yi n gt he r ea ndwor ki n gwi t hou tpa y–e nt i t l e dt o i r r e v oc abl el i c e nc ebye s t oppe l ;  Pas c oevTur ne r[ 1979 ]–woma nma dei mpr o v e me nt sonho us ei nwhi c hs hel i v e di n,ho l d i n gt he b e l i e ft ha ts heha dbe e ngi v e nt heh ou s e–c o ur tor de r e dt i t l eoft heho us et obec onv e y e dt ohe r g r at ui t ous l y; o I na ppr opr i a t ec i r c u ms t a n c e s ,c ou r tma ya l s oi mp os eac ons t r uc t i v et r us tonl e g alo wne rgr ant i ngt he c ompl ai nantal i c e nc ef o rl i f ee v e ni ft hec as ei snotar g ue do nt hebas i sofpr opr i e t ar ye s t oppe l( e . g . Bi ni onsvEv ans[ 1972] ,Ungur i a nvLe s noff[ 1989] , Ev e svEv e s[ 197 5] ) ;  T e r m ofl i c e n c egr a n t e di sama t t e rf ort hec our ti ni t sa bs ol ut edi s c r e t i oni na na t t e mp tt os a t i s f yt h e e qui t y ;  Li c e n c es ogr a nt e dc a nnotber e v o k e da twi l l ; o Co nt r a c t uall i c e nc ea ndl i c e nc ebye s t oppe l–ma yar i s eons ames e toff ac t s ;butt he or e t i c al l ydi ffe r e nt ; Que s t i ons : o 1 .I saba r el i c e nc er e v oc abl e ?  Ba r el i c e n c er e v oc abl eunde rr e as o nabl enot i c e ;  E. g . r e a s ona b l et i met ous et h eb a t hr oom /t opa c kupa ndl e a v e ; o 2 .I sac ont r ac t uall i c e nc er e v oc a bl e ?  Unl i k el i c e nc eb ye s t op pe l , c ont r a c t ua ll i c e nc ec a nb er e v ok e da ta n yt i me a l t houghr e v oki ngi t woul da mountt oabr e ac ho fc ont r a c t ;  I nnoc e ntpa r t yc a ns e e ki n j u nc t i ona ga i ns tr e v o c a t i on o 3 .I sal i c e nc ebye s t oppe lr e v oc abl e ? 

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Re v oc a b i l i t ys t a t e di nc our tor de r ;us ua l l ynotr e v oc a bl eunt i lc e r t a i nc ondi t i o nso c c ur ;e . g .‘ un t i lg e t ma r r i e d’–p r i o rt ot h a t=i r r e v oc a bl e ;

3 .CANLI CENSEESUEI NTRESPASSORNUI SANCE?  Pr e v i ous l yt hou ghtt ha tal i c e ns e ec anno ts uei nt r e s pas sornui s anc ea sheha snoi nt e r e s ti nl a n dt ode f e n d  Tr e s pas s o Dut t onvManc he s t e rAi r po r tpl c[ 1999]  l i c e ns e ewhoi si ne ffe c t i v ec ont r olordef ac t orpos s e s s i onoft hel i c e ns e dl a ndi se nt i t l e dt os uei n t r e s pas s  Li c e ns e enoti noc c upa t i onofl i c e ns e dl a ndi se nt i t l e dt oc l ai m pos s e s s i onag ai ns tat r e s pas s e ri f s u c har e me d yi sne c e s s a r yt ovi ndi c at eandg i v ee ffe c tt ot hel i c e ns e e ’ sc ont r ac t ualr i ght sof o c c upa t i o n;  Cf .bar el i c e ns e edo e snotha v ei nt r i ns i cpo s s e s s i onofl a nd woul dpr e s uma bl yc annott os uei n t r e s pas s ;  Nui s anc e o Hunt e rvCanar yWhar fLt d[ 1997]  l i c e ns e ewi t he x c l us i v epos s e s s i ono fl andc ans uei nnui s anc e ;  Cf .Bar el i c e ns e ewi t hno‘ po s s e s s i on ’c annots uei nn ui s a nc e  Li c e ns orwhokno wi ng l yal l o wshi sl andt obeus e dbyhi sl i c e ns e et oc ommi tnui s anc eont he n e i ghbour i n gl a ndc a nb el i abl et oo wne ro ft ha tl a ndf o rs uc hnui s a nc e ; 4USEOFLI CENCE  Li c e n c ei se xt r e me l yv e r s a t i l ea n dc a nbeo fma n ydi ffe r e ntnat ur eofus eofl a n df orv ar i ousde gr e eo fl e ngt ho f t i me . o a ss h or ta si tt a k e st opi c ky ourl os tb a l l s o abi tl on ge rf o re x a mpl ef oradi nne roramo vi e o l o n ge rs t i l lf ore xa mpl eal i c e nc eagr e e me ntf ort heoc c upa t i ono faflatorac o mme r c i alpr e mi s e sf ora fix e ddu r a t i on, ort oe nt e rl a n db ys ubc ont r a c t orf o rd e v e l o pme ntpur pos e s  I nmo s tc a s e ,t hel i c e nc ei se xpr e s s l ygr ant e de i t he rv ol unt ar i l yori nc ons i de r a t i on. o ma ya l s oar i s ebyi mpl i c at i o nf r o mt hec i r c ums t a nc e s ,f o re xa mpl e ,i ft h ega t ei sno tl oc ke d, t he r ei sa n i mpl i e dl i c e nc ef ora n y on ewhoh a sl a wf ulr e a s onf o rd oi ngs ot opr oc e e df r om t hega t et ot hef r ontdooror ba c kdoo rt oi n q ui r ewh e t he rhema ybegi v e np e r mi s s i o nt oc onduc thi sl a wf ulbu s i ne s s  I ndome s t i cc ont e x t , c our ta l wa y sr e l uc t antt ofindt ha ta ni n f or ma lf a mi l ya r r a n g e me nta st ot hee n j o yme ntor o c c upa t i o no fp r ope r t yi sg o v e r ne db yl i c e nc e( p a r t i e ss i mp l ydono ti n t e ndt h e i ra r r a n g e me ntt oc r e a t ea n yl e g a l c ons e que n c e s ) ; o Ex c e pt i ons :Buti n2e xt r e mec a s e s , c our tr e s or t e dt ol i c e nc et opr o vi der e me d y:  Tanne rvTanne r[ 1975]–  Fa c t s :Youn gwoma nwi t hhe rc hi l d r e ng a v eupat e n a nc yt omo v ei nt oahous eo wne db yt h e ma n. Woma nt hr o wnou tofho us e  He l d :c our the l dt ha ts heha dc ont r ac t uall i c e nc et os t a yi nt hehou s ea sl on ga sr e a s on a bl y r e qui r e df ormo t he randhe rc hi l dr e n;  Dav i dWongvLiSukbi ng[ 1 984]  Fa c t s :gi r l f r i e ndl i v e dwi t hma n( fla ti nhi sna me )–s heg otpr e gna nt–t he yl i v e dt o g e t he rf or 7y e a r sa ndha d2c hi l dr e n–ma nha d2a ffa i r s–wa nt e dt oc l a i mp os s e s s i ona ga i ns twoma n;  He l d :t he r ewa sag a pi nl e gi s l a t i ont opr ot e c tunmar r i e dwome ni ns uc hc i r c ums t a nc e s– r e l i e do nl i n eofc a s e s( i nc l udi n gTanne r )t ofindc ont r ac t uall i c e nc ei nf a v ou rofwoma n; o Tofin dc ont r ac t uall i c e nc e , ha v et oha v e :  ( i )Cons i de r a t i on;  ( i i )Ce r t a i nt ye nf or c e abi l i t y;  ( i i i )I nt e ntt oc r e a t el e g alr e l a t i ons ; o I ffin dc ont r ac t uall i c e nc e , t he nh a v et oa s c e r t a i nt e r mse xp r e s sori mp l i e d;  Re g a r di n gf a mi l ya r r a n ge me nt , c ou r t sha v ea ppl i e dt he i ro wns t andar dof r e as onabl e ne s s( f ol l o ws t a nda r di nTanne r–a l l o wmo t he rt ooc c upyf ora s l on ga sr e q ui r e df orhe r s e l fa n dhe rc h i l dr e n) ;  Th ea p pr oa c ht a ke ni nTanne ra ndDav i dWongunl i ke l yt obet a ke nt oda y–mor el i ke l yt h a tc o ur t woul dfin dl i c e nc eo nwi de ra ndmor efle xi bl egr oundofpr opr i e t ar ye s t oppe l ; 5ENFORCEABI LI TYOFALI CENCEAGAI NSTTHI RDPARTI ES  Tr adi t i onal l yl i c e ns eha sbe e nr e g a r de da same r ep e r mi s s i onwhi c hp a s s e snoi nt e r e s ti nl and. Soi tc annotbi nda t hi r dpar t ywhoi snotap a r t yt ot hegr a ntoft hel i c e ns e o e x c e p...