Log-Log Derivative Radial flow Introduction to Well Testing Introduction to Well Testing Introduction to Well Testing PDF

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Introduction to Well Testing Log-Log Derivative Pressure maintenance No-flow boundary Mode led re servo C-4 ir area C-5 C-1 C-8 C-3 C-7 Radial flow Bath, England March 1998 Superposition Schlumberger Wireline & Testing Φ phi solutions Φ phi solutions Φ phi solutions Φ phi solutions Φ phi solutio...

Description

Introduction to Well Testing Log-Log

Derivative Pressure maintenance No-flow boundary

Mode led re servo ir area

C-4

C-5 C-8

C-1 C-3 C-7

Radial flow

Bath, England March 1998

Schlumberger Wireline & Testing

Superposition

Φ

phi solutions

Φ

phi solutions

phi solutions

phi solutions

Bath, March 1998

Φ

phi solutions

Introduction to Well Testing

Bath, March 1998

Φ

Introduction to Well Testing

Introduction to Well Testing

Introduction to Well Testing Bath, March 1998

Φ

Bath, March 1998

Schlumberger

Schlumberger

Schlumberger

Schlumberger

Wireline & Testing

Wireline & Testing

Wireline & Testing

Wireline & Testing

Introduction to Well Testing

Table of Contents

Introduction to Well Testing (March 1998)

TOC - 2

Schlumberger

Section 1.0

Basic Reservoir Engineering

1.1

Introduction (Course Objectives).............................................................................. 1-3

1.2

History

..................................................................................................... 1-3

1.3

Geology Recap

..................................................................................................... 1-4

1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3

1.3.4

1.4

Rock Classification.....................................................................................................................................1-4 Rock Properties.............................................................................................................................................1-5 1.3.2.1 Porosity........................................................................................................................................1-6 1.3.2.2 Permeability..............................................................................................................................1-7 Hydrocarbon Accumulations...................................................................................................................1-8 1.3.3.1 Domes And Anticlines.........................................................................................................1-9 1.3.3.2 Salt Domes And Plug Structures.................................................................................. 1-10 1.3.3.3 Faults......................................................................................................................................... 1-10 1.3.3.4 Unconformity .........................................................................................................................1-11 1.3.3.5 Lenticular Reservoirs......................................................................................................... 1-11 Reservoir Temperature And Pressure.............................................................................................. 1-12 1.3.4.1 Normal Pressure...................................................................................................................1-12 1.3.4.2 Abnormal Pressures............................................................................................................ 1-13 1.3.4.3 Reservoir Temperature...................................................................................................... 1-13

Interacting Forces, Saturation And Displacement....................................................1-13 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 1.4.5

General ......................................................................................................................................................1-13 Surface And Interfacial Tension ........................................................................................................ 1-13 Wetting ......................................................................................................................................................1-14 Capillarity.....................................................................................................................................................1-15 Saturation...............................................................................................................................................................

1.4.6 1.4.7 1.4.8

Irreducible Water Saturation............................................................................................................... 1-16 Residual Oil.................................................................................................................................................1-16 Relations Between Permeability And Fluid Saturation ......................................................... 1-19

1-15

1.5

Fluid Properties ....................................................................................................1-21 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3

1.6

Components Of Hydrocarbon............................................................................................................... 1-21 Classification Of Hydrocarbons.......................................................................................................... 1-23 Characteristics Of Formation Water................................................................................................ 1-25

Phase Behaviour ....................................................................................................1-25 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4

1.6.5

1.6.6

Phase Behaviour Of A Single Component System................................................................... 1-25 Phase Behaviour Of A Multi-Component System..................................................................... 1-27 Reservoir And Fluid Compressibility .............................................................................................. 1-28 Conversion Factors Between Surface And Downhole Volumes.........................................1-28 1.6.4.1 Formation Volume Factor Of Gas, Bg ...................................................................... 1-29 1.6.4.2 Formation Volume Factor Of Oil, Bo........................................................................ 1-30 1.6.4.3 Formation Volume Factor Of Water, Bw ................................................................ 1-31 Fluid Density Corrections .....................................................................................................................1-31 1.6.5.1 Gas Density............................................................................................................................ 1-31 1.6.5.2 Oil Density.............................................................................................................................. 1-31 1.6.5.3 Water Density .......................................................................................................................1-32 Viscosities ....................................................................................................................................................1-32 1.6.6.1 Gas Viscosity.........................................................................................................................1-32 1.6.6.2 Oil Viscosity..........................................................................................................................1-32 1.6.6.3 Water Viscosity....................................................................................................................1-32 1.6.6.4 Formation Compressibility.............................................................................................. 1-32

Introduction to Well Testing (March 1998)

TOC - 3

Table of Contents

1.7

Reservoir Drive Mechanisms .................................................................................1-32 1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5

Section 2.0

Oil Reservoirs ............................................................................................................................................. 1-32 Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs............................................................................................................ 1-33 Gas Cap Expansion Drive Reservoirs.............................................................................................. 1-35 Water Drive Reservoirs..........................................................................................................................1-36 Discussion Of Recovery Efficiency.................................................................................................. 1-39

Completion Technology And Types

2.1

Introduction

2.2

Completion Components...........................................................................................2-3 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5

2.2.6 2.3

Section 3.0

Natural Completions................................................................................................................................ 2-18 Stimulated Completions ........................................................................................................................2-18 2.4.2.1 Hydraulic Fracturing.......................................................................................................... 2-18 2.4.2.2 Acidizing................................................................................................................................. 2-19 2.4.2.3 Extreme Overbalance Perforating................................................................................ 2-20

Practical Well Testing Introduction 3.1.1 3.1.2

3.2

General ......................................................................................................................................................2-16 2.3.1.1 Open Hole Completions ................................................................................................... 2-16 2.3.1.2 Cased Hole Completions ................................................................................................. 2-16

Completion Types .................................................................................................. 2-16 2.4.1 2.4.2

3.1

Production Tubulars ....................................................................................................................................2-5 Packers .........................................................................................................................................................2-5 2.2.2.1 Permanent Packers................................................................................................................2-5 2.2.2.2 Retrievable Packer ................................................................................................................2-7 Flow Control...................................................................................................................................................2-8 2.2.3.1 Landing Nipples......................................................................................................................2-8 2.2.3.2 Sliding Side Door................................................................................................................2-10 Subsurface Safety Systems..................................................................................................................2-12 2.2.4.1 Subsurface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves................................................2-12 2.2.4.2 Surface Controlled Subsurface Safety Valves....................................................... 2-12 Ancillary Components............................................................................................................................ 2-14 2.2.5.1 Wireline Entry Guide......................................................................................................... 2-14 2.2.5.2 Blast Joint ...............................................................................................................................2-14 2.2.5.3 Flow Couplings.....................................................................................................................2-14 General ......................................................................................................................................................2-14

Completion Techniques..........................................................................................2-16 2.3.1

2.4

......................................................................................................2-3

......................................................................................................3-3

Productivity Well Testing........................................................................................................................3-3 Descriptive Well Testing.........................................................................................................................3-5

Test Design

......................................................................................................3-7

Introduction to Well Testing (March 1998)

TOC - 4

Schlumberger

3.3

Tubing Conveyed Perforating - TCP........................................................................3-11 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5

3.4

Drill Stem Testing Tools - DST................................................................................3-19 3.4.1 3.4.2

3.4.3 3.4.4 3.5

General ......................................................................................................................................................3-19 Basic Requirements................................................................................................................................. 3-19 3.4.2.1 Packer....................................................................................................................................... 3-19 3.4.2.2 Test Valve...............................................................................................................................3-19 3.4.2.3 Reverse Circulation Valve.............................................................................................. 3-19 3.4.2.4 Slip Joint.................................................................................................................................. 3-19 3.4.2.5 Hydraulic Jar..........................................................................................................................3-20 3.4.2.6 Safety Joint............................................................................................................................. 3-20 3.4.2.7 Safety Valve..........................................................................................................................3-20 3.4.2.8 Gauge Carrier ........................................................................................................................3-20 3.4.2.9 Sampling Chamber Tool .................................................................................................. 3-20 Types Of Drill Stem Tests....................................................................................................................3-27 3.4.3.1 Open Hole Drill Stem Testing....................................................................................... 3-27 3.4.3.2 Cased Hole Drill Stem Testing..................................................................................... 3-28 New Technology........................................................................................................................................ 3-32

Subsurface Safety Systems......................................................................................3-34 3.5.1

3.6

General ......................................................................................................................................................3-11 3.3.1.1 Through Tubing Perforating............................................................................................ 3-11 3.3.1.2 Casing Gun And High Shot Density Perforating (HSD)................................... 3-13 Benefits Of TCP ........................................................................................................................................ 3-13 Equipment Selection...............................................................................................................................3-15 Testing Requirements............................................................................................................................. 3-15 Firing Heads................................................................................................................................................3-17 3.3.5.1 Differential Pressure Firing Head................................................................................ 3-17 3.3.5.2 Hydraulic Delay Firing Head......................................................................................... 3-17 3.3.5.3 Bar Hydrostatic Firing Head.......................................................................................... 3-17 3.3.5.4 Trigger Charge Firing System ....................................................................................... 3-17 3.3.5.5 Redundant Firing Systems .............................................................................................. 3-19

General ......................................................................................................................................................3-34

Surface Testing Equipment ....................................................................................3-35 3.6.1 3.6.2

General ......................................................................................................................................................3-35 Equipment.....................................................................................................................................................3-35 3.6.2.1 Flowhead ................................................................................................................................. 3-35 3.6.2.2 Choke Manifold....................................................................................................................3-37 3.6.2.3 Heater / Steam Exchanger.............................................................................................. 3-38 3.6.2.4 Test Separator.......................................................................................................................3-38 3.6.2.5 Gauge Tank............................................................................................................................ 3-39 3.6.2.6 Pumps And Manifolds ....................................................................................................... 3-39 3.6.2.7 Burners...................................................................................................................................... 3-39 3.6.2.8 Emergency Shut Down Systems................................................................................... 3-39

Introduction to Well Testing (March 1998)

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