Title | Main-Blacksmithing - reseaerch |
---|---|
Author | Teresita Urbano |
Course | Matematika 2 |
Institution | Univerzitet u Tuzli |
Pages | 74 |
File Size | 1.8 MB |
File Type | |
Total Downloads | 21 |
Total Views | 142 |
reseaerch
...
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
MARKETI NG ANALYSI SOFTHE BLACKSMI THI NG BUSI NESS
I N
POZORRUBI O, PANGASI NAN
ARequi r ement
Pr esent edt o
DR.JEAN V.RAMOS
AFacul t yofGr aduat eSchool
Uni ver si t yofLuzon
DagupanCi t y ,Pangasi nan
I nPar t i alFul fil l ment
oft heRequi r ement sf ort heDegr eeof
MASTERSI N BUSI NESSADMI NI STRATI ON
Sept ember2019
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
ABSTRACT
Ti t l e:
MARKETI NG ANALYSI SOFTHE BLACKSMI THI NG BUSI NESSI N POZORRUBI O,PANGASI NAN
Resear cher s
:
Bañez ,Ter esi t aU. Bar uc,El l enJoyO. Cabr er a,Ange l oNi c oD. Cacanando,Mar vexP. Chi c o,JohnBenedi ctV. Cr uz ,Kr i st i neI . Ji menez,JoshuaL. Rosal es ,JobelB. Sant i ago,JayRonC. Sor i ano,Sabel Ul anday ,HoneyLynG. Ver gar a,Kat hl eenMaeC.
Cour se:
:
Mas t eri nBusi nessAdmi ni s t r at i on
Advi ser /s
:
Dr .JeanV.Ramos Dr .Car mel oJohnE.Vi dal
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND I TSBACKGROUND Rat i onal e Thesucc essoft het echnol ogi caldevel opmentofi ndus t r i eshad emer ged f r om t he ver y own t echni ques ofi t st r adi t i onalor i gi ns. Be f or emechani zat i onhaddomi nat edt het r adi t i onali ndus t r i esi nt he Phi l i ppi nes,t her ewasonceanecessi t yf orhandcr af t ed wor ks.The Phi l i ppi nesi sr i c h wi t h nat i v ei ndus t r i est hathadgr eat l yshapedi t s cul t ur e . But wi t h t he emer genc e of moder ni z at i on, t r adi t i onal i ndus t r i eshad st ar t ed t odecl i ne.Whatwasonceofgr eatnec es si t y has now t ur ned i nt oaf adi ng i ndus t r y . Pr eser vi ng t he ar t of t r adi t i onali ndus t r i esi sessent i alt ot hePhi l i ppi nesc ul t ur alher i t age as t hey had ser ved as t he cor ef oundat i on of t he r emar kabl e advancement sbr oughtbyt hecount r y’ shi s t or i caldevel opment . One of t he decl i ni ng i ndus t r i es i n t he Phi l i ppi nes i st he pagpapandayi ndus t r y ,pagpapandayorbl acksmi t hi ngi st hepr ocess off or gi ngi r on orst eelt o cr eat ean obj ec t .Pagpapandaycamef r om t he t agal og wor d“ panday “ or bl acksmi t h whi c h means pandaypi l ak .To t he ear l y days bl acksmi t hs pr ovi ded al lt he met alt hat serv esoft hei rl i v el i hood.
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
Thefiel dofbl acksmi t hi ngi sexper i enci ngabi tofr esur genceas peopl el ookf oracr af twi t h an ar t i s t i ccomponentt hatcan pr ovi dea usabl e pr oductf ort hosewho ar el ooki ng f orsome t hi ngoutoft he or di nar y .Today’ si nt er esti nbl acksmi t hi ngcanbeseeni navar i et yof ways .I nf act ,aman whooncese rv edi nt hePhi l i ppi neconst abul ar y under t he Ar med For ces oft he Phi l i ppi nes deci ded t or e t i r e and embar k on a bl acksmi t hi ng busi ness.I twas 1980’ st hatFi l omeno “ Boy” De Guz man st ar t ed t he bl acksmi t hi ng busi ness named vaci adorshopwi t ht woofhi sbr ot her saspar t ner s.Bef or e,t hi ski nd ofent er pr i sewasknown ast het r adi t i onal“ pandayan”.Bl acksmi t h orpandayani sa me t alsmi t h whoar eobj ect sf r om wr oughti r on or s t eelbyf or gi ngt heme t al ,usi ngt ool st ohammer ,bend,and c ut.At fir s t ,t hey onl y make kni v es ,bol os and t he l i ke .Due t oal i t t l e advanceofknowl edgeBoyacqui r edt hr oughbr owsi ngovermagaz i nes orbr ochur es,wewasabl et omakec hal l engesandi nnovat i onst ot he or di nar ykni ves.Count l essal t er at i onswer edonesoast omaket he f ami l i ar appear mor e unusualand at t r ac t i v et ot he eyes oft he buyer s. Thent heyst ar t edmanuf act ur i ngswor dsandsamur ai sf ort hey have r eady mar ket f or t hese i t ems.Those ar et he Uni t ed St at es mi l i t ar ybasesi n Cl ar k fiel df ort heUni t ed St at esAi rFor ce( USAF)
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
and Subi c Ol ongapo f ort he Uni t ed St at es Navy ( USN) .They have buyer si nt hes et wo baseswho sel ldi r ect l yt ot heser vi cemen who wer e abl et o ge thol d ofmagazi nes f r om wher et hey gat her ed new i deasanddesi gnst of ur t heri mpr ov et hei rcr af t . I n 1990’ s, numer ous changes wer e made. Boy st ar t ed t o managehi ssol obusi ness .I twast hen t hatJJJ VACI ACRAFT came i nt o bei ng.The wor d“ vaci acr af t ”al so emanat ed f r om Boy .I twas coi ned af t ert hefir stl e t t er soft henamesofhi schi l dr en:Joel ,Jay and Jasmi n.The i t ems sol dt hen wer er epl i ca f r om t he movi es , Gl adi at or ,Joan ofAr c,Excal i bur ,Conan t heBar bar i an,Ramboand soon .Wi t ht hehel p oft heDepar t mentofTr adeandI ndus t r y ,Boy was i nt r oduc ed t o new t echnol ogi es suc h as “t he heatt r eat ment ” and se nthom t o semi nar s att he MI RDC oft he DOST wher e he l ear ned how t oexpor tpr oduc t s.Wi t ht hatpr oduct swer eexpor tt o US,Ger many ,Aus t r al i aandEur ope.DTIal soor gani z edt r adef ai rt o mar ketand pr omot el ocalpr oduc t sf r om pangasi nan.By at t endi ng t r ade f ai r s, hi s pr oduc t s par t i c ul ar l y swor ds wer e known t hr u newspaper sandt el evi si ons. Asnor mal l yexpec t ed,t hebusi nessexper i encesupsanddown. I n 1990’ swher ei n Bagui owasgr eat l yaffec t edbyt hebi gear t hquake
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
andhi sbuyer st her e(US mi l i t ar y)depar t ed.Ther ewer enomar ke t s avai l abl ef orhi m t hen.ButBoy’ s desi r e and passi on i n busi ness he l ped hi m once agai nt o wi t hst and and sur vi ved t he smi t hi ng busi ness.Unt i lhe was abl et o ar r ange a dealwi t h an expor t er , openi ngt hewor l d ofexpor t st ohi m.Wi t ht heUni t ed St at esashi s cur r entmar ket ,hi sswor dswer ef eat ur edi nvar i ousmagazi nessuc h as I daho Cut l ery , Kni ves i l l ust r at ed, Fi ght i ng kni v es, Spor t s magaz i nes and Pr i nt Ads newspaper , base d i n t he st at es of Tennessee,I dahoandGeor gi a. I n 2004,t hebusi nesswasnamedaf t erBoy’ swi f e-Ber nar di t a” Neneng”DeGuz man.“ NENENG CUTLERY”t hen wasbor n butst i l l managed byBoy .Lestyou t hi nk t hatsmi t hi ngi sa ski l l l esst r ade, t her oad t obec omi ngaj our neyman smi t hr equi r esar i gor ouskni f emaki ng t est .Butunf or t unat el y ,a t es tofl i f e came t o Boy’ sf ami l y when hepassed awayi n 2016.Hi sel des tson Mr .JoeldeGuz man cont i nuedt omanaget hebusi nes s. Lat er ,Mr .Joelal sodi edi n2018.Butt hel egacyoft hebusi nes s wi t hst ands al lt hose shar p edge t r i al s . Si nce t hen named t he busi nessDESWORDZMAN.I twascoi nedbef or et hef ami l yname“ De Guz man” whi c h si gni ficant l y means t hat any member oft he De
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
Guz man f ami l y can manage t he bus i ness whi c h i s cur r ent l y managed by hi s wi f e Nene ng t oget herwi t ht hei rdaught er s Ma’ am Jasmi n and Ma’ am Joyce.Bot h ol d and new desi gns cr eat ed and pr oduc ed byt heDeswor dz man’ sswor dsmakerar edi spl ay ed att he showr oom. Dur i ng t he 2018 t own fies t a, Ms. Jasmi n opened a new showr oom,wher evi l l ageand t own offici al sand r epr esent at i v esf r om t heDepar t mentofTr adeand I ndust r yhad avi sualt r eatofdi ffer ent medi ev alswor dsandkni v esofdi ffer entsi z est hatt heshophadbeen expor t i ngt ot heUni t e dSt at es.Thesei nc l udedr epl i casofswor dsused i nt hemovi e s“ Br av ehe ar t , ”“ Excal i bur , ”“ Lor d oft heRi ngs, ”“ Joan of Ar c, ”“ Gl adi at or ”and “ Zena” .Ther e was al so t he “ Dut er t e Swor d, ” whi c ht heDeGuz man f ami l yhandedt oPr esi dentDut e r t edur i nghi s vi si tt oSualt owni n 2017.A 7. 62me t er l ongswor d,whi c h wasmade i n 2011 when t het own gov er nmentdecl ar ed t heswor dsi t spr i mar y pr oduc t ,wasal s oondi s pl ay .Thel at es taddi t i oni nt hes howr oom was ar epl i ca oft he“ I r on Thr one”t hatappear ed i nt het e l e vi si on ser i es “ GameofThr ones. ” A gi antExcal i burs wor ds t i l lembedded i ns t one wasal s ounv ei l e datt heshowr oom’ sf r ontyar d.
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
The busi ness f eeds an over seas mar ke tf orr epl i ca swor ds of Roman gl adi at or s,Gr eek i nf ant r yand Japanesesamur ai s,aswe l l as movi ei ns pi r ed weapons f r om
“ Br av ehear t ” , “ Conan t he
Bar bar i an” ,and“ Rambo” .
St at ementoft hePr obl em Thi ss t udyai med t oassesst hebusi nessoper at i on ofBl acksmi t hi ng i ndus t r yi n Pozor r ubi o,Pangasi nan wi t ht heend vi ew ofde t er mi ni ngi t s oper at i onali ssuesandconcer nsI nor dert ohaveabasi si nt hef or mul at i on ofpr oposedact i onsf ort heenhancementoft heent i t y . Speci fical l y ,t he i nves t i gat i on sought t o answer t he f ol l owi ng ques t i ons: 1. What i st he st at us of busi nes s oper at i on of Bl acksmi t hi ng I ndus t r y bus i ness i n Pozor r ubi o,Pangasi nan i nt er ms off ol l owi ng aspect s: a.Or gani zat i onalandManagement ; b.Mar ke t i ngAspec t c .Techni calAspec t ;and d.Fi nanci alAspect ?
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
2.Whatpr obl emsar eencount er ed i nt hebusi nessoper at i on oft he Bl ac ksmi t hi ngI ndus t r ybusi nessi nPoz or r ubi o,Pangasi nan? 3.Whatmeasur escanbepr oposedt oi mpr ov et hebusi nes soper at i on oft heBl ac ksmi t hi ngI ndus t r ybusi nessi nPoz or r ubi o,Pangasi nan? ScopeandDel i mi t at i on Thi scases t udyf ocus edondet er mi ni ngt hepr eser vat i oneffor t s i n t he pagpapanday i ndus t r y of Pozor r ubi o, Pangasi nan- wher e hi st or i calbl ades and r epl i ca swor ds f r om Hol l ywood fil ms suc h as Br ave hear tandLor doft heRi ngswer esai dt obef or ge d. The i ndus t r y ofpagpapanday or bl acksmi t hi ng has a vas t scope;i tr eachesf r om f or gi ngsmal lobj ec t ssuchass poonandf or kt o enor mous boat s, car s and bui l di ngs. Bl acksmi t h can cr eat e mul t i t udes ofobj ec t s outoff or gi ng met al .However ,wi t ht hi s hef t i ncor por at ed wi t ht hei ndust r y ,t her esear cher swoul dl i ket oc l ar i f y t hat t hr ough t he ent i r e st udy woul d per t ai nt ot he i ndus t r y of pagpapanday ,t hey woul d onl yi nvestr esear ch on bl adesmi t hi ng-a var i at i on ofsmi t hi ng whi c hf ocuse s on f or gi ng kni ves,swor ds and ot herki ndsofbl ades.I ti sal sowi t ht her easont hatt het owni nonl y f ocusi ng i n bl adesmi t hi ng, wi t h swor ds keepi ng t he ar t of pagpapanday al i ve.Mor eov er ,t he r esear cher s pr e f er r ed t he wor d
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
“ pagpapanday”ov er “ bl adesmi t hi ng”si nce i ti st he common t er m usedbyt hel ocal sofPoz or r ubi of ort hepr ocessofswor dmaki ng. Ther es ear cher sconduc t ed a r esear ch on t hemostcompe t i ng pagpapanday wor kshop wi t hi n Poz or r ubi oi nt er msoft hei rmar ket weal t h. The r ese ar cher s ar e awar et hat Pozor r ubi oi s composed of t hi r t yf our ( 34)bar angays,t her e f or e,t he r es ear cher s conduc t ed a sur ve yf oranal yz i ngwhi ch amongt het hi r t yf our( 34)bar angayshas t hemos tcompel l i ngmar ke t .A pr ofil i ngon t hebar angaywhi c h has t hemos tact i v epagpapandaybusi nesswasconduct ed t oat t ai nt he mostsci ent i fic r esul t s–t hese wer e done t hr ough i nt ervi ew t ot he owner s. Ther esear cher sconcl udedt hepr eser vat i on effor t soft hel ocal panday ,t hel ocalgover nment,andt her esi dentofPoz or r ubi oar et he de t er mi ni ng f ac t or s oft he cur r ents t at e ofpagpanday i ndus t r yi n sai dt own.Wi t h al lt hese i n consi der at i on t he r esear cher s have pr epar ed ques t i ons t hatwoul d spec i fical l yt ackl et he pr ese rvat i on effor t s of t he peopl e of Pozor r ubi or egar di ng t he pagpapanday i ndus t r y .
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
To comeacr oss wi t ht he needed dat af ort hepagpapanday , pr eser vat i on effor t sofPoz or r ubi o,Pangasi nan vi si t ed t heshowr oom oft hei rbus i ness. The r esear cher s had al so ut i l i z ed document s, ar t i cl es and hi st or i calr ecor ds.I nt er vi e w wer econduc t edwi t h pr omi nentand/or or di nar ypandays. On t he i ni t i al i nt ervi ews wi t h t he pr ospec ti nt ervi ewees , sel ect ed key i nf or mant s wi l l be i ncl uded i n t he out put . The r esear cher sconsi der edt hebackgr oundoft hei nt ervi eweesi nr el at i on t ot hei rwor kandt hei rwor kpl ace.Al so,t her es ear cher sc onduc t edan ocul ari ns pect i on i nt hewor kpl aceand how t hewor ker sper f or med t hei rwor k.
Si gni ficanceoft hest udy Assessi ng t he oper at i on of t he Bl ac ksmi t hi ng I ndust r yi n Pozor r ubi o, Pangasi nanwi l lbebenefici alt ot hef ol l owi nggr oups: TheOwners ofBl acksmi t hi ng I ndust ry:Thebl acksmi t hi ng i ndus t r yi n whi c ht hemanagest hebusi nesses,aswe l last hosewho ar econt empl at i ngt oengagei n suc h a vent ur e,maydes i r ebenefit s
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
f r om t he st udy t hr ough act ual i nf or mat i on concer ni ng cur r ent oper at i ons ofbl acksmi t hi ng i ndus t r yt hatar e sal i enti n at t r ac t i ng servi ci ng cl i ent s so t hat a pr ofit abl e st r at egy can be pl anned effec t i v el yf ort hei rbusi nessvent ur es.Fort hem t oear nmor epr ofit . Cust omers Theymaybebenefit edf r om t hi sendeavorast heymaybewel l i nf or med and gui ded i nt hei rpat r onageofabl acksmi t hi ngbusi ness on t he bases of i t s effici ency ofser vi ce,pr i ci ng,qual i t y of t he pr oduc t sand t hemagni ficenthandl i ngofpr omot i on t onamea f e w addi t i onalf act or s,whi ch wi l lbe r eflec t ed f r om t he r esul toft hi s s t udy . TheFut ur eResearcher s Thef ut ur er esear cher smayhav ef r ameofr ef er encest opr ovi de t hem wi t h pr i mar y dat ai nt hei r own r esear ch and a pat t er nf or r esear chdesi gn. Theywi l labl et ofindmor ei nf or mat i onbecauseoft her esear c h whi c ht hecur r entr esear c heshavebeendone.Theywi l lal soenhance t hei rknowl edgenotj ustbyfindi ngt hei nf or mat i on t hr ough as ki ng andsear chi ngbutal sofindi ngi ti nt hei rown.Fort hem t oappl ywhat t heyhavel ear nedi nt hi sr esear c hst udy .
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
Defini t i onofTer ms To pr ovi de a f r ame ofr ef er ence and pur poses t o cl ar i f yt he t er mst hatar edefinedoper at i onal l y ,t owi t ; Busi ness Oper at i on of t he Bl acksmi t hi ng I ndust ry i n Pozorr ubi o ,Pangasi nan.Per t ai nst oover al ladmi ni st r at i on oft he Bl ac ksmi t hi ng I ndus t r y Busi nes sl ocat ed atPal acpal ac Poz or r ubi o, Pangasi nanal ongwi t ht hef ol l owi ngoper at i on: Or gani zat i onal and Management Aspect . Thi s aspect i s pr i mar i l y concer ned wi t ht he mast er s ofBusi ness Admi ni s t r at i on s t udent sand or gani zat i on whi ch cover ed t hebackgr ound aboutt he sai d busi nessand t hecur r entper sonnelempl oyed i nt hecompany . Hi r i ngt hatwasal soi ncl udedi nt hi saspec tf ocuseson whatki ndof s t andar dsand qual i ficat i onst hatcer t ai n appl i cantmus thave.The dut i esandr esponsi bi l i t i esofempl oyeeswhi c ht hemanagemental so moni t or s.
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
Mar ket i ng Aspect .Ref er st ot he t echni ques and s t r at egi es used when i tcomes t ot hei rbusi ness i n par t i c ul ar t ot hei r4P’ s: Pr oduc t , Pr i ci ng, Pl ace, and Pr omot i on i n or der t o gai n mor e cus t omer sl oyal t y ,pat r oni z at i onandsat i s f act i on. Techni cal Aspect . Ref er s t o t he r out i ne on how t hey manuf act ur ed qual i t y ofpr oduc t swhi c hi ncl udes t he equi pment ’ s needed. Pr oper wast e di sposal and sani t at i on, and saf e t y wor k envi r onment . Wor ker s dut i es and r es ponsi bi l i t i es and qual i t y of pr oduc t sar eal soconnec t edher eunder . Probl ems Encount er ed
i n
I mpr ovi ng
t he Busi ness
oper at i on of t he Bl acksmi t hi ng I ndust ry i n Pozorrubi o, Pangasi nan. Concent r at es on t he i ssues and l i mi t at i ons of t he Bl ac ksmi t hi ng I ndus t r yt hat affec t st he dayt oday oper at i on of busi ness. Proposed Measur est oi mpr ovet heBusi nessOper at i on t he Bl acksmi t hi ng I ndust ry i n Pozorrubi o, Pangasi nan. Se t of pr oposal s gear ed t owar ds addr essi ng i dent i f y pr obl ems of t he Bl ac ksmi t hi ngi ndus t r yt of ur t herenhancet hi soper at i on.Thi sar e al so t he t hi ngs t o be consi der ed when encount er i ng bi as wi t ht he
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
busi ness oper at i on whi c h shoul d be appl i ed i nr esponse t ot he weakness esoft hebusi ness .
Defini t i onofTer msonBl acksmi t hi ngPr oduct s: Bl acksmi t hi ng-pr ocessoff or gi ngi r onorst ee lt ocr eat eanobj ec t . Bl adesmi t hi ng-t hepr ocessofmaki ngsev er alt ypesofbl adessuch asswor dsorkni v es. Cr af t -anact i vi t yi nv ol vi ngs ki l li nmaki ngt hi ngsbyhand. Cr af t sman-ski l li napar t i c ul arcr af t ;ar t i s t r y . Cut l er y-anyt ool sorweaponsmadeofme t alt hati susedf orcut t i ng. For gi ng- shi ppi ng t he me t al by heat i ng on fir e and beat i ng or hammer i ngi t . Har dwood-most l yusedf orhandl esoft heswor dssuc hasnar r aand kamagong. Leafspr i ng-pr i mar y st eelused i n pagpapanday;mos t l yf ound i n v ehi c l es. Mul ye-seel eafspr i ng Pagpapanday-seebl acksmi t hi ng
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
Panday-aper sonwhof or gesi r ont ocr af t Pi r acy-pr oductl i nei mi t at i on Pr eservat i on-t hec l eani ngandmai nt ai ni ngofast r uct ur et oext end i t sl i f es pan. Scabbar ds-asheat hf oraswor d. Chapt erI I REVI EW OF RELATED LI TERATURE AND STUDI ES I nt hi schapt er ,t he r esear cher s pr esentt he r el at ed l i t er at ur e and r evi ewed mat er i al sar epr esent ed whi ch havedi r ec tbear i ngon t hi sst udy .Theconcept ualand r esear ch l i t er at ur eswer et aken f r om di ffer entsour cest hatserv edasus ef ulgui def orusi nt hecompl et i on oft hest udy .
Concept ualLi t er at ur e Thegat her edi nf or mat i on f r om nondat aand dat amat er i al st o aut hor i t i es gi vi ng t hei r opi ni ons,exper i ence,t heor i es,i deas t hat have been vi ewed by t he r esear cher s wer e pr esent ed.Thi s par tof s t udyi sconc er n wi t h pr ovi di ngr el evanti nf or mat i on t ot hest udy .I n
University of Luzon PEREZBLVD.DAGUPAN CI TY 2400,PHI LI PPI NES
Master in Business Administration
conduc t i ng t hese,t he r esear cher s wi l lgai n mor e knowl edge about t heaspect soft hest udy .
Busi nessOper at i onofBl acksmi t hi ngI ndust ry Busi ness oper at i on i st hose t asks and act i vi t i es t hat an or gani z at i on under t ake...