Major Milestones in Early Language Development PDF

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Lecture Notes Week 8...

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Major Milestones in Early Language Development Speech Registers: The Case of Black English ○

Speech registers - one aspect of pragmatcs involves using diferent styles of speech in diferent situatons ○ Black English/Ebonics/AAVE ■ Used mostly by AA but not all AA speak it and many non-AA do ■ Has specific rules of pronunciaton and syntax ■ Not a simplified or inferior linguistc form of standard english

● Share syntax, syntactcally complex, and used to express complicated ideas and emotons ■ Children speaking AAVE might have a difficult tme reading test or comprehending directons in standard english -- might unjustly be classified as “less bright” ● The more familiar a 5-8 year old is with standard english, the beter their reading achievement ○ Communicatve Competence ■ All types of language knowledge (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantcs, pragmatcs) are combined in a package called communicatve competence ■ Early language development and development of conversatonal skills does not take place only in the context of adult-child convos but often in the context of other children, partcularly siblings

● First born children usually surpass later-born children in both early development of vocabulary and grammar but NOT in the development of conversatonal skills ○ Later-born children tend to be beter at producton of personal pronouns ○ Advantages of first born likely stem from getng more of their mothers exclusive atenton while later born take advantage of richer and more varied speech they hear -- overexposure to a type of speech between first-borns and mothers that include more personal pronouns than the speech they each address to them ○ Communicaton and Egocentrism ■ In social situatons, young children atempt to communicate with others, but their egocentric view of the world often results in speech that does not get the message across to a listener -collectve monologues ○ Metacommunicaton ■ Metacognitve deficits - poor understanding of message quality and its role in determining the success or failure of a communicaton ■ Metacommunicaton skill - one involves children’s abilites to monitor their own speech -speech includes a greater incidence of omissions and ambiguites and requires greater contextual support to be comprehended than does the speech of older children ● One way of assessing children’s self-monitoring abilites is to examine the frequency with which they correct their speech -- called verbal repairs

○ Happens more in 2nd graders than in kindergartners -- indicates increased ability to monitor their speech ■ Another metacommunicaton skill involves sensitvity to other people -- reflected in linguistc turn-taking ● Infant and parent taking turns babbling and cooing -- mutual imitaton -- infants imitate adults who are imitatng them ■ Children whose mothers are more responsive to their vocalizaton speak their first words earlier and have larger vocabularies than children whose mothers are less responsive ■ Speech is not as egocentric as Piaget believed -- children as young as 4-5 change their speech in response to who they are talking to ●Reading assignment for: Bjorklund. Chapter 9 ○ Queston 1 - TRUE OR FALSE: Later-born children have beter early vocabulary development than first-born children. ■ FALSE - First born children usually surpass later-born children in both early development of vocabulary and grammar but NOT in the development of conversatonal skills ● Later-born children tend to be beter at producton of personal pronouns ● Advantages of first born likely stem from getng more of their mothers exclusive atenton ○ Queston 2 - What is the diference between free and bound morphemes?

■ Free morphemes - can stand alone as words (ex: fire, run, sad) ■ Bound morphemes - cannot stand alone but, rather, are atached to free morphemes ● Include rules of making nouns plural (add -s), making a verb past tense (add -ed), as well as prefixes and suffixes ○

Queston 3 - The use of diferent styles of speech in diferent setngs is known as speech registers. Standard English is an example of a school speech register. What is an example of a social speech register? ■ AAVE/Ebonics/Black English is a type of social (home) speech register because it is a register referring to the fact that certain social contexts call for specific grammatcal and dialectcal changes. As noted in the chapter, AAVE is something that youth engage in more as they grow older and their social standing/interactons mater more. The code switching between their “school register” and their “social register” indicates that they’re well-versed in both and able to use diferent styles of speech as the situaton they are in calls upon it....