Marine-Engineering-Roy-l-Harrington-1971 PDF

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I I 1 r i a Group of Authorities I I I i I i i ROY L. HARRl NGTON I I I I Engineering Technical Pepartmelit Newport News Shipbuilding and I Published by I I THE S ~ C I E OF ~ Y NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS I One World Trade Center, Suite 1369, New York, N.Y. 10048 i Since 1942 and 1944 whe...

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a Group of Authorities

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ROY L. HARRl NGTON

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Engineering Technical Pepartmelit Newport News Shipbuilding and

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Published by

THE S ~ C I E OF ~ Y NAVAL ARCHITECTS AND MARINE ENGINEERS

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One World Trade Center, Suite 1369, New York, N.Y. 10048

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@ Copyright 1971 by The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 78472362 Printed in the United States of America Second Printing 1976 TMrd Printing 1980

Since 1942 and 1944 when the two volumes of MARINEENGINEERING were published, the basic body of knowledge constituting marine engineering has greatly increased. Recognizing was substantially out of date, the Society in 1964 underthat the original MARINEENGINEERING took the task of compiling a reviged edition. That same year a Control Committee was ap-' pointed by the president to guide the revision, carrying on the objective of the original work, that of producing a comprehensive treatise reflecting the important technical progress of the last several decades. Also, the intent is that this text should complement the Society's two companion volumes, Principles of Naval Architecture and Ship Design and Construction, which deal similarly with the subjects of naval architecture and ship construction practices. When the task of revising the original MARINEENGINEERING was undertaken, it was quickly found to be considerably larger in scope than anticipated. The original text had to be completely rewritten, not simply revised. At the putset, it was decided that, for ready use and reference, the text should be a single volume limited to about 850 pages. Therefore, discussion of engineering subjects.covered in other textbooks had to be greatly abbreviated. Every effort has been made, however, throughout the text to make reference to appropriate source material for the individual or self-taught reader as well as the resourceful teacher (who may in some cases prefer to use his own references). Each chapter is written by a separate author (or authors). The committee felt that this precept should be continued because of the advantages of professional specialization it affords. Some unevenness in style results, but this has been minimized by the technical editor. In May, 1968, Mr. Roy L. Harrington was selected as technical editor by the committee. Mr. Hanington received a Society scholarship in 1960 to pursue an M.S. degree in marine engineering and also has had twelve years of technical ship design experience in a major shipyard. With this background, plus his extensive literary capability, he was considered well equipped to bridge the academic and the practicing professional points of view of the Society members. This book is not intended to be either a handbook or conversely a definitive text on any specific engineering discipline which may be used in marine engineering. Its purpose is to acquaint a person already familiar with basic engineering fundamentals with the various engineering disciplines and applications which constitute marine engineering. The need for such a book becomes apparent when it is recognized that many practicing marine engineers have had little formal education in the field of marine engineering as such, but instead have come into it from other related engineering activities. The Control Committee appointed to guide the revision of MARINEENGINEERING consisted of: Ernst G. Frankel Jens T. Holm William E. Jacobsen John R. Kane John H. Lsscaster ' Lauren S. McCready Andrew I. McKee Laskar Wechsler John B. Woodward I11 Robert E. Yohe

There have been so many technological advancements since the original MARINEENQINEERwas published that the'content of this book bears little similarity to the original text. For example, in a manner of speaking, a nuclear power chapter has been substituted f o ~the old reciprocating steam engine chapter, and other differences are almost as dramatic. However, the same basic philosophy was used in writing both works except that, insofar as practicable, this text covers naval practice in addition to merchant practice. In order to ensure that this book is comprehensive and factual, and accurately represents the consensus of opinion of the marine industry as a whole, the chapters were subjected to a series of reviews. After the manuscripts were prepared by the authors and reviewed within their respective organizations, they were then reviewed by the editor, Control Committee, and selected members of the marine industry who were experts in each particular area. The entire Sociehy owes a large debt of gratitude to this last group as they were largely responsible for transforming good manuscripts into excellent manuscripts. With few exceptions, it is a gross injustice to suggest that the chapters have been prepared by only the authors indicated. In several cases, the contributions of single individuals who assisted were almost as large as that of the author; and in $1 cases, the comments and discussion provided by the Control Committee and other members of the marine industry were an invaluable asset. Mr. John Markert (author of Chapter 19) accurately expressed the sentiment of the chapter authors when he stated that the generous cooperhtion and assistance received from the numerous contributors, often persons not acquainted with the author, were a revelation; it should, however, be noted that such cooperation is characteristic of the marine fraternity. An accurate listing of those who assisted in the preparation of this book would include many names. Several hundred people made direct contributions (by assisting in the preparation of manuscripts, supplying reference material, reviewing manuscripts, or supplying illustration material); and when those who made indirect contributions are added, the number of names would become even larger. - It is, however, considered proper to acknowledge some of the contributions as follows: Mr. Catlin (Chapter 3) acknowledges the valuable contributions of Mr. George W. Kessler, vice resident. Babcock & Wilcox. Mr. L. E. Triggs, chief engineer, Marine Dept., Combustion ~ n ~ i h e e r i~nc., n ~ , Mr. W. I. signell, chief marine engineer, J. J. Henry Co., Inc., and Professor J. T. Holm, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, in the development of the chapter dealing with boilers and combustion. Dr. Illies (Chapter 8) states that he received help from a large number of individuals while preparing the low-speed directrcoupled diesel engine chapter. The material that was made available by diesel engine manufacturers (MAN, Fiat, Sulzer, Burmeister and Wain, Gotaverken, Stork, and Doxford) was particularly helpful as was the valuable advice and personal assistance that ww provided by Mr. Klaus Knaack. Mr. Semar (Chapter 9) acknowledges the contributions made by Mr. W. S. Richardson, the Falk Corporation, Mr. Norman A. Smith, General Electric Company, and Mr. Frederic A. Thoma, DeLaval Turbine, Inc., in the development of the chapter on reduction gears. Mr. J. F. Sebald (Chapter 13) acknowledges the valuable contributions made by Mr. P. D. Gold of the Worthington Corporation, Mr. William J. Bow of the Foster Wheeler Corporation and Mr. J. J. Biese of the Ingersoll Rand Co. h providing illustrations and for their critical review of the manuscript. The cooperation of the Heat Exchange Institute and The American Society of Mechanical Engineers in permitting the publication of technical data and the technical support provided by Gilbert Associates, Inc. are also gratefully acknowledge4. Messrs. Smith and Nickerson (Chapter 16) gratefully acknowledge the assistance provided by Mr. A. Taplin of the Naval Ship Engineering Center, who prepared the active fin stabilizer section of the hull machinery chapter. Mr. Stephenson (Chapter 18) gratefully notes that the machinery arrangement illustrations and many of the piping diagram illustrations in the piping systems chapter were included with the permission of Mr. W. L. Baptie of American Mail Line, Ltd. The typical chapter author is a highly competent engineer who enjoys his field of specialization and has devoted the majority of his life to it. By studying the various chapters, it will become apparent that a book such as this is published only once per generation. INQ

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Division 1 Introductory

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Chapter I

J. R.

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS I N MARINE ENGINEERING

KANE, Director of Engineering,

Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company

1. Intrbduction .......................... 2. Concepts and Concept Formulation.. .... 3. Ship System Formulation.. ............. 4. Development of Main Propulsion System Requirements.. .....................

%. ~ a i Propulsion n Plent ~rade-offStudies. 6. Preliminary Design Considerations. . . . . . 7. Specifications. ........................ 8. Final Design and Working Plans. . . . . . . . 8 9. Tests and Trials. ..................... 1 2 5

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11 18 31 33 35

Power Plants

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Chapter I1

THERMODYNAMICS AND B E A T ENGINEERING

Jws T. HOLM, Professor, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture J. B. WOODWARD 111, Professor, University of Michigan

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1. Review of Fundamentals. .............. 2. Heat Transfer in Boilers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Internal Thermodynamics of the Steam Tutbine. ...........................

Page PW~ 38 4. External Thermodynamics of the Steam Turbine ............................ 55 5. ~herniod~namics of steam Cycles. . . . . . . 61 / 49 6. Waste Heat from Diesel and Gas Turbine i Engines ............................ 73

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Chapter I11

BOILERS AND COMBUSTION

EVERETT A. CATLIN,~ a x i n Engineer, e The Babcock & Wilcox Company 1. Classification of Marine Seam Generatom 2. Considerations in the Selection of a Boiler

Chapter I V

pa@ 78 3. Boiler Pesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 90 4. Boiler Operation.. ..................... 125

NUCLEAR MARINE PROPULSION

ROBERT T. PENNINQMN, formerly Manager of Nuclear Maxine Engineering, Advanced Products Operation, General Electric Company

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Page page 1. Basic Fundamentals. .................. 130 3. . Nuclear Propulsion Applications. . . . . . . . 149 2, Reactor Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . 138 vii

I STEAM TURB1,NES WILLIAMI. H. BUDD,Assistant to Manager of Engineering, Marine Systems, DeLaval Turbine, Inc.

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Turbine Control.. .................... Rotors and Blades. .................. Norzlea, Diaphragms, and Stationary Blading.. .......................... Casings &adPackings. ................ Lubrication and Bearings. ............ Main Propulsion Turbine Operation. . . . Auxiliary Turbines. ..................

1. Nonreheat Main Propulsion Turbines. .. 2. Reheat Main Propulsion Turbines. ..... 3. Main Propulsion Turbine-Nuclear

Cycle. ............................. 4. Combined Steam and GaB Turbine Main Propulsion Cycles. ................. 5. Turbine Speed, Number of Stages, Dimensions. ....................... : .

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Chapter X

ELECTRIC PROPULSION DRIVES

W. E. JACOBBEN, Manager, Marine Systems Engineering, General Electric Company 1. Introduction.. ........................ 334 2. The Diesel Direct-Current Drive System. 339 3. The Turbine Direct-Current Drive System 347

180 185

4. The Turbine Alternating-Current Drive

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

5. The Diesel Alternating-Current Drive

System. ........................... 356 6. Electric Couplings.. ................... 360

190 193 196 199

Chapter XI

201

PROPELLERS, SHAFTING, AND SHAFTrNG SYSTEM VIBRATION ANALYSIS

Assistant Chief Engineer, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company C. L. LONG, Chapter VI GAS TURBINES A. 0. WHITE, Manager, Advanced Applications Unit, Medium Electric Company

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Basic Considerations.. .................. Arrangement and Structural Details. . . . . . Accessories. ........................... Controls. ............................. Centrifugal Compressor Design. .........

206 213 218 219 222

6. 7. 8. 9.

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~k Turbine

Operation, General

Axial-Flow Compreseor Design. . . . . . . . . Turbine Design and Construction. ...... Combustion Systems. ................. Bearings, Seals, and Lubrication. .......

Introduction.. ........................ 362 b5. 2. Arrangement Considerations.. . . . . . . . . . . 365 e 6 . p - 3 . Shafting Loads.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 -7. ' '/4. Shafting Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 8. b- 1.

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1. Introdrtction. ......................... 246 2. aaracte$tics of Diesel Engines. . . . . . . . 251

Bearings.. ............................ Propellers. ........................... Torsional Vibration.. .................. Longitudinal Vibration.. ...............

379 384 388 393

9. Whirling Vibration.. ................... 397

225 229 235 239

Division 4 Auxiliary Co~aponents

MEDIUM AND HIGH-SPEED DIESEL ENGINES LASKARWECHBLER,Technical Director, Machinery Systems ~ i v i s i o n ,Naval ship ~ n ~ i n e e r i n ~

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PUMPS, FORCED-DRAFT BLOWERS, COMPRE$SORS, AND EJECTORS Supervisor, Centrifugal Pump Engineering Departmen;t, DeLaval Turbine, Inc. G. W. SOETE, Page

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3. Marine Uses for Diesel Engines. . . . . . . . . 257 4. Design Considerations. ................ 261

1. Centrifugal Pumps.. ................... 401 4. Rotary Pumps.. ...................... 432 2. Reciprocating Steam Pumps. ........... 422 \.-5. Forced-@aft Blowers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 3. Power Pumps.. ....................... 428 L. 6, Compressors.. ......................... 440

7. Ejectors.. ............................ 444

LOWSPEED DIRECT-COUPLED DIESEL ENGINES KURTILLIES, Professor, Technische Universitat Hannover Pege 1. survey of Principal &acteri&ics. ..... 280 2. Engine Subsystems. ................... 292

Chapter XI11

JOBEPH F. SEBALD, Consulting Engineer and Special Consultant to Gilbert Associates, Inc.

3. Overall Considerations. ................ 303

Transmissions REDUCTION GEARS

HAROLD W. SEE~AR, Manager, Technical Support, Marine Mechanical Dep&ment, westinghouse

MAIN AND AUXILIARY CONDENSERS

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1. General C~aracterhtics................. 450 2. Condenser Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

3. Surface Condenser Performanm. . . . . . . . . 473 4. Performance Predictions from Design Geometry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478

Chapter X I V

HEAT EXCHANGERS

CHARLEB D. ROBE,Vice President, AquaXhem, Incorporated PHILIPLIU, Chief Thermal Design Consultant, Research and Development, Aqu*Chem, corporated

Electric Corporation page v

1. Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 3. Gear Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 2. Tooth Design Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 v 4 . Applications.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

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1. . Introduction. ......................... 488 2. Heat Transfer in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers.. 496

3. Heat Exchanger Applications. .......... 514

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Chapter XV

DISTILLING P U N T S

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Division 6 Supporting Technology

C ~ I D.WROBE,Vice President, AqueChem, Incorporqted page

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1. Distilling Plant Designs. ............... 530

2. Distilling Plant Design Considerations. .. 550

Chapter XVI

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HULL MACHINERY

IRVING W. SMITH,Mechanical Engineer, Office of Ship Construction, Maritime Administration ARCHERM. NICKERBON, JR.,Senior Engineer, J. E. Bowker Associates, Inc. v

Chapter XX

1. General Design Consideratioqs. .........

ptlge 564

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WATT V. SMITH, Head, Friction and Wear Branch, Materials Department, Naval Ship Research and Development Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland J. M. GRUBER,Vice President, Waukesha Industries Corporation

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Hull Machinery Installations.. ..........

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ELECTRIC PLANTS

Chapter XVIII

1. Machinery Space Arrangement.. ........ 670

'2. Piping Design Details.. ................ 676 ;'3. Piping Systema........................ 682 "

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

JOHN W. MARKERT, Professional S u p p o r t A i r Conditioning, Office of Construction Management, Public Buildings Service, General Services Administration 1. 2. 3. 4.

Page 2. Applications.. ........................ 796

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

W. LEE WILLIAMB, Assistant Bead, Materiala Department, Naval Ship Research and Development Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland M. ROBERTGROSS,Head, Materials Engineering Branch, Materials Department, Naval Ship Research and Development Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland 1. 2. 3. 4.

Prefacing Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corrosion of Metals.. .................. Fatigue ............................... Behavior at Elevated Temperatures. ....

Page

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810 810 817 821

5. Applications of Materiala.. .............. 824 6. Glossary of Metallurgical Terms Used in Materials Engineering.. .............. 835

PIPING SYSTEMS

Manager, Piping Design '~epartment,Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry E. E. STEPHENBON, Dock Company ',

Pa%e 1. Automation System.. ................. 791

Chapter XXII

6. Lighting and Power Distribution. ... :... 640 7. Interior Communications.. ............. 654 8. Electronic Navigation and Radio Communication..................... 659 9. Wiring Application and Methods. ....... 663

605 607 614 621 635

AUTOMATION

W. 0. NICHOLS,Chief Engineer, Central Technical Division, Shipbuilding Department, Bethlehem Steel Corporation

Division 5 Sl~ipboard Systems

Introduction.. ........................ Generating Plants. .................... Switchboards and Panels. .............. Powe~Equipment. .................... Lighting Fixtures and Equipment. ......

Page

1. Review of Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 ""2. Bearings.. ............................ 778 \--~ 3. Lubrication System. ................... 785

Chapter XXI

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION

Intraduction.. ........................ System General Requirements. ......... Design Criteria and L o 4 Components. .. Piping Systems.. ......................

710 718 726 734

5. 6. 7. 8.

Air Ha...