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Mayans

Inca

Aztec

India

Astronomy -Studied heavenly bodies -Recorded information on the development of sun, moon, Venus and stars -Studied Jupiter, Mars and Mercury which recorded celestial information (obscuration) that records the path of one planet in front of other. -By the use of astronomy, they managed to predict the movements of sun, moon, stars and other celestial bodies. -They used the astronomy to build the pyramid by determining the sun’s location.

Astronomy -They give a big contribution also to astronomy which they used stars and sun to calculate their calendar.

Mathematics -contributed also a 20 base number system that is used for calculating taxes.

Numerical System -Created the symbol of zero. -Decimal system -Devised a system of different symbols for every number from one to nine. -Fibonacci numbers and their sequence. -Binary system -chakravala methodused to solve an equation like intermediate quadratic equations. - contributes ruler made of ivory and shell for the measurement.

Great accuration -With 365.2420 days in a year comparing to modern day which is 365.2425 days 81 Lunar months with 2392 days that is equal to 29.5308 days. Modern-day estimates are 29.53059 days. -There is a 584 day cycle of Venus.

Inca Calendar -made up of 12 months -Each month have 3 weeks of 10 days -in case the sun got off track, it will add a day or two to get back in the alignment.

Mathematics -It is a series of strings and knots. There is a meaning in the number number of knots, the size of the knots, colors of the strings and the distance between knots that serves as the numerical recording information using the positional base 10.

Chinampas -provide the Aztecs with more food. -saved space on land because the crops grew above the water.

Theory of Atom -notable scientist Kanad devised atomic theory before John Dalton. Aztec Calendar Stone - the small They also contributed indestructible particles the calendar by the have two parts, the use of astronomy such absolute rest and a as sun. state of motion. tonalpohuallicalendar with 260 days have 52 years Xiuhpohualli-365 days having 18 months of 20 days each have 52 years.

Chemicals -They also discovered and became the first to smelt zinc using distillation process on 12th century A.D. Seamless Metal Globe -Another contribution especially to metallurgy made by Ali Kashmiri ibn

Luqman Mayan Calendar -Three distinct frameworks:  Long count- nonrepeating calendar from beginning of Mayan period. It is supposed to read it first  The Tzolkin (divine time table)- cycle of 20 named days with another cycle of 13 numbers to deliver 260 distinct days. It is the second to read after the long count. 

Haab (common calendar)- sunbased calendar with 365 days. Year and a half with 20 days in each month and 5 additional days. The last to read in the system.

An example of these is 13.0.0.0.0 4 Ahau 8 Kumku, where 13.0.0.0.0 is the Long Count date, 4 Ahau is the Tzolkin date, and 8 Kumku is the Haab date.

Medicine -uses primitive form of brain surgery like trepanation, a cranial surgery that will reduce the inflammation by drilling the skull but they used basic anesthetics such as coca, tobacco and alcohol to reduce discomfort.

-their field of medicine associated with religion which the illness is caused by supernatural force. They are using plant extracts, fresh or dried plants with

Medicine -100 different plants to used as medicine. -"hot" plants cured cold sicknesses and "cold" plants cured hot sicknesses. -Another contribution is antispasmodic Medicine called passion flower which relaxed the muscles and prevent the spasming. -contributed a pain killers called chicalote -Badianus Manuscript - it is illustrated text that covers 180 plants and trees for ailments. Color red dye- using cochineal, a bee that consist acid that produces a red color. It is being used for clothing color like British army uniform. Aqueducts -They also created and contribute double aqueduct to avoid the infections and have sanitary. Also, contributes the usage of the terrace farming which was being used for planting

Medicine Plastic Surgery -invovles reconstruction of the nose called rhinoplasty that is found on the book Sushruta Samhita -They also contributed as the first cataract surgery performed by Indian physician -Also, it practices to in the field of surgery. It uses a curved needle, Jabamukhi Salaka, to loosen the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision. Charakasamhita is a full of text made by Charaka which referred as the Father of Indian Medicine. Also, first physician to contribute information about digestion, immunity and metabolism. Iron-cased Rockets It also give contribution the rockets being build. The iron-cased rockets are composed of long iron tubes, filled them with gunpowder and

chanting. -Discovered also the different plant extracts and being used in Andean society. These plant extracts are digitalis purpurea, maticaliz camomilla and plantag o paralias Building terraces -they contribute the terraces to take advantage the rainfall and occupied all of the potato and root crops to flourished. -to avoid soil erosion. -planting crops and uses bean fixed nitrogen that is helpful for the soil and planting squash for the soil became more moist. Botanical Experiments -The incas also Rubber contributes the method -Made elastic latex mixed it of planting different with other plant substance crop at a different soils that will result in bouncy at different altitude in balls that has been using the circular terraces for their game known as they formed so they pok-a-tok. Later on, they able to determined used the latex from trees which will work the and mixture it with the best. juice of vines to be more elastic in their creation.

Ball Courts -The ball court is being used for the religious

Freeze Drying -first people to learn freeze drying which is letting the potatos freezing at night and

root crops. Education Aztec contributes their knowledge by having a compulsory learning to people with astronomy, agriculture, architecture, poetry and many others.

fastened them to bamboo poles to create the predecessor of the modern rocket. This is used for war.

celebrations to pay tribute to god and goddesses.

Hallucinogenic Drugs -The shamans conducted rituals for the gods and took stimulating drugs. Using pain relief and increasing its energy.

Mathematics -Extremely accurate in the numerical system. -Had only 3 symbols to express numbers 0 to 19. These three symbols are 0 shell shape 1 a dab 5 a bar

squeeze out the moisture afterwards that will be beneficial for inca people having a less weight of potatos, eliminate the bitter taste of potatoes and it last much longer.

Water system -They also developed aqueducts to bring a fresh water in their town. Also, improved and good drainage and canals.

-build a concept of 0 into numbering system by 36 B.C.E. Also, It was being stated that it is a true use of zero as a number.

Structures Created large stone buildings without the use of iron tools. .Transportation -rope bridges composed of the Alpaca wool, grass and cotton. Also, wood and sticks

for the floor. -They build bridges and suspensions to cross the river with their transportation goods. -Using base 20 for the numbers 19 and up which the second position was worth 20 times more than numeral, the third position had 202 or 400 times the value. -

Mayan writing system -it also involves the science of writing. Maya invented the most advanced form of writing, known as “glyphs.” -Way back then, the Glyphs are used to describe or represent a sound, word, or syllable through the usage of the pictures or symbols which was made of animal hair and feathers.

Maya Codices - Part of their contribution is codices which Mayans wrote a hundred of contained information including the history,

Pulley Baskets -They also contributed by making pulley baskets which is an alternative for the suspension bridges. -The passengers were in the baskets and pulled to the other side

medicine, astronomy, and their religion.

Medicine -it has an advance knowledge contributing in the field of medicine which is regularly made casts to speed the healing and recovery of fractures and other bone breakages. They were also contributing the making of prosthetics made form jade and turquoise Using of obsidian for faster of healing and reduce scarring.

Artifacts -They contributed in the part of history and science which is in archeology. The stone tools which is the Lithic artifacts that is being used for hunting, process of food and craft activities.

Advance water systems Advanced agriculture system -irrigation

References

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