Metals and Nonmetals activity PDF

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Identifying Metals and Non-Metals LAB activity Name--Azaan Ali, Ashley Barrera, Catelin Velez ----------------------------Introduction: Elements have unique physical and chemical properties that make them useful in our everyday lives. Aluminum, for example, is lightweight yet strong: modern air travel would be impossible without this important metal that is used to make jet engines and aircraft bodies. Chlorine combined chemically with many other elements and compounds and is a powerful disinfectant. The availability of safe drinking water all over the world depends on this reactive nonmetal. Perhaps no other element, however, stands out as a symbol of our “space-age” technology more than silicon. The ability to obtain very high purity silicon had increased the speed and the power of modern electronics and has transformed society. Physical properties are properties that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. Examples include color, odor, density, and physical state. Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance to undergo changes when a chemical property is observed. Flammability, the ability to form compounds, and the susceptibility to corrosion are examples of chemical properties. Purpose: In this lab, you will investigate the properties of eight elements in order to classify them as metals and nonmetals. You will examine each for its physical properties of color, luster, and form (for example, is it crystalline, like table salt?). Luster is a measure of how shiny or reflective something is. By attempting to crush each sample, you will decide whether each element is malleable or brittle. Malleable elements bend or dent, while others easily crush to pieces. You will also test for the physical property of electrical conductivity. Using a spatula or forceps to handle the elements, place a small amount (1 small piece, a few crystals, or 2 small metal shots) of each element in the appropriate place in the spot plate.

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PROCEDURE Testing Physical Properties 1. One at a time, use a small amount of the elements in the spot plate and test the properties. 2. Observe and record the physical appearance of each element on the data table. Be specific; describe the color, luster, and form (crystalline, flakes, smooth, etc) of each element. 3. Test the conductivity of each element by touching the wires of the conductivity tester directly to either end of one piece of the solid in the spot plate. If electricity can flow through the metal, indicated by a change in the numbers on the tester, the element is considered a conductor. If there is no chance, the element is a nonconductor. 4. Test the malleability of each element: gently rap each element with a small hammer or with a pestle in a mortar. Transfer a piece of the element out of the spot plate before hitting! A material is brittle if it shatters or cracks into small pieces when struck. A material is malleable if it flattens or bends without shattering (or does not shatter). Do NOT smash any elements into tiny pieces. You only need to strike it once or twice to test it and leave pieces for others to test. Record all results in the data table.

List three physical properties of metals Some physical properties of metals are... Malleability- when metals can be beaten into thinner sheets Ductility- when metals can be drawn into thin wires Sonorous- When metals make a ringing sound when struck

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List three physical properties of nonmetals Some physical properties of nonmetals are…. . They are not lustrous . It's also a poor conductor of electricity and heat . It's brittle, which means it's readily broken or shattered.

Based on the physical properties classify the given unknown samples as metal or nonmetal. Write your observations for each of the samples to support your prediction

Conclusion- Based on the physical properties Samples: Graphite(B) and Unknown(E) are nonmetals and are nonmetals and samples: Iron(A), Aluminium(C), and Unknown (D)

Sample

Color Solid/liquid Hard/soft

are metals.

Conducts M Ductile Brittle Magnetic electricity no

Fe

Graphite

Al

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Unknown D Unknown E

The electronic configuration is a useful tool to identify metals and non-metals 1. Write the electronic configuration and identify the following as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids. (a) Calcium 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 ; Metal (b) Chlorine 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^5 ; Non-metal (c) Mercury 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 4p^6 5s^2 4d^10; 5p^6 6s^2 4f^14 5d^10; Metal (d) Sulfur 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4; NON Metal (e) Neon 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6; Non-metal 2. State the Octet rule. Based on the Octet rule explain how can you predict whether a given element is a metal/nonmetal. Provide examples to support your response. The octet rule states that in order to have a total of 8 valence electrons, atoms must lose and gain electrons, or exchange electrons. With two electrons in the outer s-orbital and six in the outer p-orbital, they have a full outer shell. Metals are more prone to lose electrons than nonmetals are to gain them. Under the octet rule, metals lose electrons to share electrons with nonmetals, resulting in a total of 8 electrons.

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3. How do metals and nonmetals differ in terms of how they lose/gain electrons? Metals and nonmetals differ in how they lose and acquire electrons, with metals needing to lose electrons in order to share part of their electrons, whereas nonmetals obtain electrons from metals. 4. Why are most of the elements on the left and in the middle of the periodic table metals? The elements on the left and in the middle of the periodic table are metals because the majority of them contain three or fewer electrons. This is because they have low ionization energies and electron affinities, making it easy for them to shed electrons and difficult for them to acquire them.

5. Halogens tend to gain electrons when they react making them nonmetals. How many electrons do the halogens tend to gain? Why? Halogens typically gain one electron since they already have seven valence electrons available, implying that with one more, they can entirely occupy their outer shell.

6. For the element Selenium, use the electron configuration and a periodic table to answer the following questions. (a) What group is it in? 16 (b) What period is it in? 4 (c) Is it metal, nonmetal, or metalloid? Nonmetal (d) What element(s) might it behave like? Selenium is classified as a chalcogen. This implies that, along with sulfur, tellurium, polonium, and livermorium, is a member of the oxygen family. Because these elements have the same valence electron structure, they act and behave similarly. (e) How many valence electrons does it have? 6 5

(f) When it reacts will it tend to gain or lose electrons? It will gain electrons.

(g) How many electrons will it tend to gain or lose? It will tend to gain 2 electrons.

7. Metals are good conductors of electricity, in your opinion are metals good conductors of heat also? Support your answer with two examples. Metals are strong conductors of electricity because their atoms form a matrix through which outside electrons can readily move. Rather than circling their individual atoms, they form a swarm of electrons around the positive nuclei of the interacting metal ions. Copper and aluminum are two metals that are strong electrical conductors. They are made up of free electrons that are engaged in the conduction process. The passage of electricity via these metals exhibits relatively minimal resistance. As a result, they're good electrical conductors.

8. Write a rule based on the electronic configuration that would help to predict whether a given element is a metal/nonmetal. Based on the electronic configuration, a useful rule is that if it has three or fewer electrons, it is a metal, and if it has four or more electrons, it is a nonmetal.

9. Chem-History 6

Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLsWmAR0m_E a) What is the composition of bronze? Write the shorthand electronic configuration for the elements that make up bronze The composition of bronze is created by copper and tin. The shorthand electron configuration for the elements that make up bronze is Copper: [Ar]4s^2 3d^9 and Tin: [kr] 5s^2 4d^10 5p^2

Name the process that is used to make bronze. Bronze was created by heating and combining the metals tin and copper together. When the two metals melted together, they formed liquid bronze. After that, the mixture was put into clay or sand molds to cool.

b) How did bronze change human society?

Bronze influenced human civilization by enabling the development of better tools and weapons for survival and the shaping of their surroundings. Because farming and hunting were more efficient and could sustain more people, this development allowed for population growth.

c) What was the possible reason that Iron Age came after Bronze Age?

It's probable that the Iron Age arrived after the Bronze Age because iron was superior in terms of strength and durability. Iron extraction requires a greater temperature than copper extraction, and it took longer for human culture to construct hearths/furnaces capable of reaching such high temperatures, hence Iron arrived later. 7

d) Describe two physical properties and use each for Cu and Fe.

Cu has two physical features and applications: it is reddish-brown and ductile, and it can be used for bridges and pipelines. Fe has a glossy, grey, magnetic, and lustrous appearance and can be utilized for electrical wiring and generators.

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