Meticulous 89 hd grade notes 70616 australian constitutional law full coverage for seminars and exam colour coded and referenced PDF

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70 616 an C on utio nal Law N ote 706 16:: Au Ausstra tralililian Con onsstit titu tion No tess Table of Contents 1

Cha Charac rac racteris teris terisatio atio ation n aand nd IInte nte nterpr rpr rpreta eta etation tion ______________________________________________________ 8 1.1

Cha Charac rac racteris teris terisin in ingg a Law – W Wh hat is it?___________________________________________________________ 8

1.2

Sum Summ mary SStep tep tepss of Ch Chara ara aracte cte cterisa risa risation tion / PProb rob roble le lem m So Solvin lvin lvingg ___________________________________________ 8

1.2.1 1.2.2

1.3

Subject Matter Power: ‘Sufficient Connection’ Test __________________________________________________ 9 Purposive Powers: Proportionality Test ___________________________________________________________ 10

Incid Inciden en ental tal Pow Power er _______________________________________________________________________ 11

1.3.1

Implied v Express Incidental Power ______________________________________________________________ 12

1.4

Cha Charac rac racteris teris terisat at ation ion und under er Spe Specific cific He Heads ads of PPo ower _______________________________________________ 12

1.5

Prin Princip cip ciples les o off Cons Constitu titu titutio tio tional nal Inte Interpr rpr rpretat etat etation ion ___________________________________________________ 12

1.6

Re Remedi medi medies es ____________________________________________________________________________ 13 Remedies under s. 75(v 75(v)) _______________________________________________________________________ 13

1.6.1

1.7

Key Cas Cases es ____________________________________________________________________________ 14

1.7.1 1.7.2 1.7.3 1.7.4 1.7.5 1.7.6 1.7.7

2

Granall v Marrickville Margarine Pty Ltd (1954) ____________________________________________________ 14 Fairfax v Commissioner of Taxation (Cth) (1965) 114 CLR 1, __________________________________________ 14 In Herald & Weekly Times Ltd v Commonwealth (1966) 115 CLR 418, __________________________________ 14 Attorney-General for the Commonwealth v Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd (1913) ________________________ 14 In Murphyores Inc Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1976) 136 CLR 1, ________________________________________ 15 Grain Pool of Western Australia v Commonwealth (2000) ____________________________________________ 15 Australian National Airways v Commonwealth (1945) _______________________________________________ 15

Jud Judicia icia iciall Po Power wer ______________________________________________________________________ 16 2.1

Cons Constit tit titutio utio ution n Chap Chapter ter III The Ju Judicat dicat dicature ure ______________________________________________________ 16

2.2

Defi Definiti niti nition on of JJudi udi udicial cial Po Power wer_______________________________________________________________ 17

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9

2.3

Judicial Appointment _________________________________________________________________________ 17 Judicial Independence ________________________________________________________________________ 17 Judicial Accountability ________________________________________________________________________ 17 Precedent and Overruling _____________________________________________________________________ 18 Indicators of Judicial Power ____________________________________________________________________ 18 Judicial Review ______________________________________________________________________________ 19 Incidental Judicial Power ______________________________________________________________________ 19 Tribunals ___________________________________________________________________________________ 19 Acting Judges _______________________________________________________________________________ 20

Ma Main in Id Ideas eas Su Summ mm mmary ary ary____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 20

2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4

2.4

Separation of Power __________________________________________________________________________ 20 Persona Designata ___________________________________________________________________________ 21 Usurpation and interference: __________________________________________________________________ 21 Kable Doctrine: Institutional Integrity and State courts operating under Chapter III ________________________ 22

Key Cas Cases es ____________________________________________________________________________ 22

2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.4.8

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NSW v Cth (Wheats Case) (1915) HCA ____________________________________________________________ 22 Boilermakers Case (1956) _____________________________________________________________________ 23 Waterside Workers‟ Federation of Australia v JW Alexander (1918) ____________________________________ 23 Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for immigration (1992) __________________________________________________ 24 Communist Party Case ________________________________________________________________________ 25 Plaintiff S157/2002 v Commonwealth ____________________________________________________________ 25 Kable v DPP (NSW) (1996) _____________________________________________________________________ 25 Brandy v Human Rights and Equal opportunity Commission (1996) ____________________________________ 27

2.4.9 2.4.10 2.4.11 2.4.12 2.4.13 2.4.14 2.4.15 2.4.16 2.4.17 2.4.18 2.4.19 2.4.20

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Fardon v Attorney General (Qld) (2004) __________________________________________________________ 27 South Australia v Totani [2010] HCA 39 ___________________________________________________________ 27 Lane v Morrison (2009) _______________________________________________________________________ 27 International Finance Trust Company Ltd v NSW Crime Commission [2009] ______________________________ 28 Wainhou v NSW [2011] _______________________________________________________________________ 28 Liyanage v The Queen [1967] 1 AC 259 ___________________________________________________________ 28 Thomas v Mowbray (HCA) (2007) _______________________________________________________________ 28 Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979) 24 ALR 577 _________________________________ 29 WILSON V MINISTER ABORIGINAL AND TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER AFFAIRS (1996) ________________________ 29 Hilton v Wells (1985) _________________________________________________________________________ 29 Grollo v Palmer (1995) ________________________________________________________________________ 30 Momcilovic v The Queen & Ors. [2011] HCA 34 ____________________________________________________ 30

5.3.3.1 Examples of some more extreme Valid Transitional Uses ________________________________________ 18 5.3.3.2 Preparation for War ______________________________________________________________________ 18 5.3.3.3 Post War ______________________________________________________________________________ 18 5.3.4 Terrorism and internal Threats _________________________________________________________________ 19 5.3.4.1 Commentary on Thomas v Mowbray and Communist Party Case __________________________________ 19

5.4

Disc Discipli ipli iplinin nin ningg D Defen efen efence ce For Force ce Per Personn sonn sonnel el _______________________________________________________ 19

5.5

Key Cas Cases es ____________________________________________________________________________ 20

5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6

6

Woman’s Employment Case (1943)______________________________________________________________ 20 Re Tracey; Ex parte Ryan (1989) ________________________________________________________________ 20 Thomas v Mowbray ___________________________________________________________________________ 21 Farey v Burvett (1916) 21 CLR 433 ______________________________________________________________ 22 Andrews v Howell ____________________________________________________________________________ 23 Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth [1951] (“Communist Party Case) __________________________ 23

Ex Externa terna ternall Af Affair fair fairss s 51 (x (xxix xix xix)) : B Both oth Subj Subject ect Ma Matter tter & PPurpo urpo urposive sive __________________________________ 25 6.1

Sum Summ mary SScop cop cope e aand nd Ch Charac arac aracteri teri terisati sati sation on _______________________________________________________ 25

6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.4.1

2p part art artss in the con confor for formity mity do doctri ctri ctrine: ne: _________________________________________________________ 27

o

6.1.4.2 6.1.4.3

Implementation of treaty in Domestic Laws: __________________________________________________ 27 International law’s impact constitutional interpretation:_________________________________________ 28

6.2

Limi Limitati tati tation on onss ___________________________________________________________________________ 28

6.3

Key Cas Cases es ____________________________________________________________________________ 28

6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.3.6 6.3.7 6.3.8 6.3.9 6.3.10 6.3.11

7

Geographic Externality ________________________________________________________________________ 25 International Comity _________________________________________________________________________ 26 International Concerns ________________________________________________________________________ 26 Implementation of international instruments ______________________________________________________ 26 Conformality Doctrine (Current Test) ________________________________________________________ 27

R v Sharkey 1949 ____________________________________________________________________________ 28 R v Burgess; Ex Parte Henry ____________________________________________________________________ 28 Richardson v Forestry Commission ______________________________________________________________ 29 Polyhukhovich v The Commonwealth (the War Crimes case) (1991) ____________________________________ 29 Horta v Cth (1994) ___________________________________________________________________________ 30 XYZ v Cth (2003) : (which affirmed the test in the Industrial Relations Act Case) __________________________ 30 Pape v Commissioner of Taxation _______________________________________________________________ 30 Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) ______________________________________________________________ 31 Teoh v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1995) ____________________________________________ 31 Commonwealth v Tasmania (the Tasmanian Dams Case) (1983) _______________________________________ 32 Queensland v Commonwealth (the Daintree Rainforest case) (1989) ___________________________________ 32

Ex Execu ecu ecutive tive Pow Power er – Spen Spendi di ding ng aand nd PPrer rer reroga oga ogative tive Pow Power er _________________________________________ 34 7.1

Gen Gener er eral al De Defin fin finitio itio ition n an and d SSour our ource ce of PPow ow ower er _____________________________________________________ 34

7.2

App Approp rop ropriati riati riation on ons: s: Po Pow wer to En Enter ter into Co Contr ntr ntract act actss & Sp Spend end $ _______________________________________ 34

7.2.1 Must have statutory Authority to Enter Contracts and Spend money → but after Wilkie perhaps that can come from the Appropriation Act itself ________________________________________________________________________ 35 7.2.2 Without Statutory Authority In Unforeseen circumstances it must be “reasonable” not necessarily “urgent/emergency” __________________________________________________________________________________ 35

7.3

Prer Preroga oga ogativ tiv tive e Po Pow wer --> ex extratratra-legis legis legislati lati lative ve exe executi cuti cutive ve po power wer _________________________________________ 36

7.3.1 Limitations _________________________________________________________________________________ 37 7.3.2 4 categories of Prerogative power _______________________________________________________________ 37 7.3.2.1 Powers ________________________________________________________________________________ 37 7.3.2.2 Immunities _____________________________________________________________________________ 38 7.3.2.3 Privileges ______________________________________________________________________________ 38 7.3.2.4 Rights _________________________________________________________________________________ 38

7.4

Key Cas Cases es ____________________________________________________________________________ 40

7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3

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Wilkie v Commonwealth; Australian Marriage Equality Ltd v Cormann [2017] ____________________________ 40 Williams v The Commonwealth of Australia & Ors (no 1) (2012) _______________________________________ 41 Williams v Commonwealth (No. 2) [2014] HCA 23 __________________________________________________ 41

T 9

Implied Freedom of political Communication ____________________________________________ 72 9.1

Sources of Implied Freedoms ____________________________________________________________ 72

9.1.1 Express Guarantees __________________________________________________________________________ 73 9.1.2 Contingent Guarantees _______________________________________________________________________ 73 9.1.3 Rights by Implication only → Not individual Rights but Consequential and Qualified Freedoms _____________ 73 9.1.4 Specific Source of Implied Freedom of Political communication _______________________________________ 73 9.1.4.1 History and Authority ____________________________________________________________________ 73 9.1.4.1.1 Nationwide News v Wills (1992) ___________________________________________________________ 73 9.1.4.1.2 Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) v Clth [1977] ________________________________________ 74 9.1.4.1.3 Theophanous v Herald Weekly Times (1994) ________________________________________________ 74 9.1.4.1.4 Stephens and Others v. West Australian Newspapers Limited (1994) _____________________________ 74 9.1.4.1.5 Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997): __________________________________________ 74 9.1.4.1.5.1 High Court set down new test for Compatibility with implied Freedom: _______________________ 75 9.1.4.1.5.2 Qualified privilege Defence to Defamation ______________________________________________ 76 9.1.4.1.6 McCloy v NSW [2015] ___________________________________________________________________ 76 9.1.4.1.6.1 Mcloy proportionality Analysis ________________________________________________________ 76 9.1.4.1.7 Brown v State of Tasmania [2017] _________________________________________________________ 77 9.1.4.2 Summary ______________________________________________________________________________ 77 9.1.4.3 What is Freedom of Communication ________________________________________________________ 78

9.2

Impact of Implied Freedoms _____________________________________________________________ 78

9.3

Lange/McCloy/Brown Test ______________________________________________________________ 78

9.3.1 Burden: Scope → what is protected _____________________________________________________________ 78 9.3.2 Compatibility _______________________________________________________________________________ 79 9.3.3 Proportionality ______________________________________________________________________________ 80 9.3.3.1 Suitability ______________________________________________________________________________ 80 9.3.3.2 Necessity ______________________________________________________________________________ 80 9.3.3.3 Different test for direct or discriminatory burden? No __________________________________________ 81

9.4

Not an “absolute” Freedom _____________________________________________________________ 81

9.5

Examples ____________________________________________________________________________ 82

9.6

Other implications from ‘representative government’ - voting and association ____________________ 82

9.7

Key Cases ____________________________________________________________________________ 82

9.7.1 9.7.2 9.7.3 9.7.4 9.7.5 9.7.6 9.7.7 9.7.8

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Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills (1992) __________________________________________________________ 82 Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1992) ________________________________________ 83 Theophanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd (1994) _________________________________________________ 83 Stephens v West Australian Newspapers Ltd (1994) ________________________________________________ 84 Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) ________________________________________________ 84 Levy v Victoria (1997) ________________________________________________________________________ 85 Coleman v Power [2004] ______________________________________________________________________ 86 APLA Limited v Legal Services Commissioner (NSW) [2005] __________________________________________ 86

9.7.9 9.7.10 9.7.11 9.7.12 9.7.13 9.7.14 9.7.15 9.7.16

McCloy v NSW [2015] ________________________________________________________________________ 87 McGinty v Western Australia (1996) _____________________________________________________________ 87 Langer v Commonwealth (1996) ________________________________________________________________ 87 Herald & Weekly Times v Popovic (2003) _________________________________________________________ 88 Catch the Fire Ministries v Islamic Council of Vic (2006) _____________________________________________ 88 Monis v the Queen (2013) ____________________________________________________________________ 88 Brown v State of Tasmania (2017) ______________________________________________________________ 89 Unions NSW v NSW (2013) ____________________________________________________________________ 89

10 Trial by Jury _______________________________________________________________________ 90 10.1

Summary:____________________________________________________________________________ 90

10.1.1 10.1.2 10.1.3 10.1.4 10.1.5 10.1.6 10.1.7

10.2

Only apply to Laws of the Commonwealth ________________________________________________________ 90 Trial on ‘Indictment’__________________________________________________________________________ 90 What is a Jury _______________________________________________________________________________ 90 Jury Waiver_________________________________________________________________________________ 90 Unanimous Verdicts __________________________________________________________________________ 91 Number of Jurors ____________________________________________________________________________ 91 Jury Selection _______________________________________________________________________________ 91

Key Cases ____________________________________________________________________________ 91

10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3

Brown v The Queen: _________________________________________________________________________ 91 Brownlee v R (2001) __________________________________________________________________________ 91 Cheatle v the Queen: _________________________________________________________________________...