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WEEK 1: SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGYSECOND SEMESTER, S. 2021-2022 BSN 1-Y2-MRS. IMELDA MARCOS SEVILLA February 9, 2022 (Lecture) PART IORGANISMS THAT MAKE UP THE MICROBIAL WORLD Germ is derived from the Latin word germen, which means to sprout or germinate. First applied to bacteria in the nineteenth centu...

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MICP 211: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

WEEK 1: SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY SECOND SEMESTER, S.Y. 2021-2022 MRS. IMELDA MARCOS SEVILLA ORGANISMS THAT MAKE UP THE MICROBIAL WORLD Germ is derived from the Latin word germen, which means to sprout or germinate. First applied to bacteria in the nineteenth century to explain diseasecausing cells that grew quickly. Microbes, often known as microorganisms, are microscopic living organisms that are visible only with a microscope Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes' EVOLUTION OF MICROBIOLOGY THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY 1. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632–1723) Referred to as the “Father of Microbiology,” the “Father of Bacteriology,” and the “Father of Protozoology” As a hobby, he ground tiny glass lenses, which he mounted in small metal frames, thus creating what today are known as single-lens microscopes or simple microscopes. In many of these specimens, he observed various tiny living creatures, which he called “animalcules.” 2. LOUIS PASTEUR (1822–1895) Discovered forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen. He introduced the terms “aerobes” (organisms that require oxygen) and “anaerobes” (organisms that do not require oxygen). Developed a process (today known as pasteurization) to kill microbes that were causing wine to spoilage Developed a vaccine to prevent rabies in dogs and successfully used the vaccine to treat human rabies. Discovered what occurs during

BSN 1-Y2-9 February 9, 2022 (Lecture) PART I

bacteria, such as Acetobacter, convert glucose to acetic acid (vinegar) by fermentation, thus, ruining the taste of the wine. 3. JOSEPH LISTER During the 1860s Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reasoned that surgical infection(sepsis) might be caused by microorganisms. Sepsis - The condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues. Devised methods to prevent microbes from entering the wounds of his patients. His procedures came to be known as antiseptic (against sepsis) surgery, and included handwashing, sterilizing instruments, and dressing wounds with carbolic acid (phenol) 4. IGNAZ PHILIP SEMMELWEIS About this same time (1840s), a physician by the name of Ignaz Philip Semmelweis began using antiseptic procedures to prevent "childbirth infection" or puerperal fever (a serious and often fatal disease associated with infection contracted during delivery) 5. ROBERT KOCH Direct evidence demonstrating that bacteria were disease-causing agents (etiological agents) was provided by Robert Koch, a German physician, in 1867. Koch was working with a disease of sheep and cattle called anthrax, and determined the causative agent to be a type of bacteria he called Bacillus anthracis. Koch established a sequence of experimental steps that could be used to demonstrate beyond a doubt that a specific type of microorganism was responsible for a specific disease. These came to be known as Koch's postulates Made many significant contributions to the germ theory of disease. For example, he proved that the anthrax bacillus (B. anthracis), which had been discovered earlier by other scientists, was truly the cause of anthrax. He accomplished this using a

alcoholic fermentation. He also demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products. For example, yeasts convert the glucose in grapes to ethyl alcohol (ethanol) by fermentation, but certain contaminating

series of scientific steps that he and his colleagues had developed; these steps later became known as Koch’s Postulates Koch discovered that B. anthracis produces spores, capable of resisting adverse conditions.

Koch developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria. Koch’s work on tuberculin (a protein derived from M. tuberculosis) ultimately led to the development of a skin test valuable in diagnosing tuberculosis. 6. FANNY HESSE developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological media. 7. RICHARD J. PETRI developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures could be grown and manipulated. 8. HANS CHRISTIAN GRAM - developed the Gram stain, a stain technique that could be used to separate two major groups of disease causing bacteria. Koch discovered the bacterium (M. tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) that causes cholera 9. EDWARD JENNER In 1796, Edward Physician) reported the scraped from the skin infected with cowpox to against smallpox

Jenner (a British use of material of an individual immunize a child

10. ALEXANDER FLEMING A short time later (1928), Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician, discovered penicillin. Noticed that mold growing on one of his culture plates inhibited the growth of bacteria there, and eventually isolated the substance responsible 11. PAUL EHRLICH A German physician by the name of Paul Ehrlich searched for a “magic bullet”, and in around 1910 developed the first effective cure for a bacterial disease. The drug he developed was called salvarsan, and was an arsenic compound that was effective against syphilis MICROORGANISMS Two major categories of microbes 1. ACELLULAR MICROBES also called infectious particle 2. CELLULAR MICROBES

EUKARYOTES cells where genomes not contained within a nucleus. Include such microorganisms as fungi, protozoa, and simple algae. Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They contain variety of cellular bodies called organelles. PROKARYOTES genome contained in a nucleus; are probably the smallest living organisms. They can range in size from 0.15 μm (mycoplasmas) to 2.0 microscopic(many of the bacteria). Some bacteria have a comma shape (vibrio) or a flexible, wavy shape (spirochete) BACTERIA are prokaryotic organisms with no nucleus or nuclear membrane in their cells. It takes the form of rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirals) (spirilla or spirochetes). It reproduces through binary fission, has unique ingredients in its cell walls, and can be found in nearly all of the world’s ecosystems. It can survive in temperatures ranging from 0° to 100°C and in oxygen-rich or oxygen-depleted environments. FUNGUS Eukaryotic microorganisms such as multicellular molds and unicellular (singlecelled) yeasts are classified as fungi. Yeasts are slightly larger than bacteria and are employed in the production of alcoholic beverages and bread. Candida albicans, for example, is a pathogenic yeast (disease causing).Molds are filamentous, branching fungus that reproduce through spores. The fungi prefer acidic surroundings, and the majority of them can survive at ambient temperature in an oxygen-rich environment. A fungus is what the common mushroom is. PROTOZOA are unicellular eukaryotic creatures. Many species have a feature of movement, and protozoa can be classed according on how they move: Some protozoa have flagella, where as other shave cilia or pseudopodia. Some animals are not mobile. Because they lack cell walls, protozoa can take on an unlimited number of shapes. Malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery, and toxoplasmosis are all caused by different species

also called microorganism PROKARYOTES / EUKARYOTES Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished on the basis of their cellular characteristics

ALGAE refers to a wide range of plant-like creatures. Several species of single celled algae are essential in microbiology. Their cells are surrounded by cell walls made of

cellulose, a type of carbohydrate. Diatoms and dinoflagellates, which live in the oceans and are found at the bottom of marine food chains, are examples. In the process of photosynthesis, most algae catch sunlight and convert it to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates.

evolutionary battle of competing gene products. MICROBIAL GENETICS Study of how genes are structured and regulated in microbes in relation to their cellular functions Closely related to the field of molecular biology

VIRUSES are tiny amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein shell and, occasionally, a membranous envelope. Because viruses lack a metabolism, interfering with their structures or activities with medications is challenging. Viruses reproduce in living cells & utilize cells' chemical machinery for their own purposes. In process of duplicating, they frequently damage the cells

EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY Study of microbial evolution. This field can be classified into the following categories: 1. Microbial Systematics Study of microbial diversity and genetic relationships. 2. Microbial Taxonomy Science of naming and classifying microbes.

BACTERIOPHAGES A special type of virus that infects primarily bacteria

GENERATION MICROBIOLOGY Study of those microorganisms that have the same characters as their parents

DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY

PHYLOGENY Study of the genetic relationships between different organisms

BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY Branches of microbiology can be classified into: 1. Pure Sciences, and 2. Applied Sciences BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY (PURE MICROBIOLOGY)

SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY Bridge systems microbiology.

biology

ASTRO MICROBIOLOGY Study of microorganisms space

and

in outer

Pure Microbiology - Organisms are thoroughly investigated. It can be subdivided further to the following:

BIOLOGICAL AGENT Study of those microorganisms which are being used in weapon industries.

MICROBIAL CYTOLOGY Study of microorganisms' microscopic and submicroscopic features.

NANO MICROBIOLOGY Study of those microscopic organisms on nano level.

MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY study of how the biochemistry of a microbial cell works. Includes the study of microbial growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure

PREDICTIVE MICROBIOLOGY Quantification of relations between controlling factors in foods and responses of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms using mathematical modelling

MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS Study of the process by which a microorganism causes a disease.

BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY (APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY)

MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Relationship between microorganisms and their environment

Applied Microbiology - Organisms themselves are not examined in applied microbiology; rather,they are applied to a specific process. They are as follows:

CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY Reveals how pathogenic microorganism interacts with host cells in what is turning out to be a complex

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness. Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is related to the study of disease pathology and immunology. This area of microbiology also covers the study of human microbiota, cancer, and the tumor microenvironment. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY Study of microorganisms that involved in the manufacturing of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical goods that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY Explore microbes for use in industrial processes. Examples include industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment. Closely linked to the biotechnology industry. This field also includes brewing, an important application of microbiology. MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Manipulation of microorganisms at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products FOOD MICROBIOLOGY Study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and foodborne illness. Using microorganisms to produce foods, for example by fermentation. AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms. This field can be further classified into the following: 1. Plant Microbiology and Plant Pathology Study of the interactions between microorganisms and plants and plant pathogens. 2. Soil Microbiology Study of those microorganisms that are found in soil. VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY Study of the role of microbes in veterinary medicine or animal taxonomy.

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Study of the function and diversity of microbes in their natural environments. This involves the characterization of key bacterial habitats such as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere, soil and groundwater ecosystems, open oceans or extreme environments (extremophiles). This field includes other branches of microbiology such as: Microbial ecology Microbially mediated nutrient cycling Geomicrobiology Microbial diversity Bioremediation Use of micro organisms to clean air, water and soils WATER MICROBIOLOGY (or aquatic microbiology) Study of those microorganisms that are found in water. AERO MICROBIOLOGY (or air microbiology) Study of airborne microorganisms. BIOTECHNOLOGY Related to recombinant technology or genetic engineering.

DNA

BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY BY TAXONOMY BACTERIOLOGY Study of bacteria. IMMUNOLOGY Study of the immune system. It looks at the relationships between pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their hosts. MYCOLOGY Study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds. Nematology. Study of nematodes (roundworms) PARASITOLOGY Study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms. Protozoa and bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial parasites is usually categorized as part of bacteriology. PHYCOLOGY Study of algae.

PROTOZOOLOGY Study of protozoa, organisms like amoebae. VIROLOGY Study of viruses

single-celled

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY 1. GENETIC ENGINEERING Engineered microorganisms are used to make hormones, antibiotics, vaccines and other products. New genes can be inserted into plants and animals. 2. BIOTECHNOLOGY Commercial applications include the synthesis of acetone, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols and many drugs. 3. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE Also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans 4. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Recycling Vital Elements. Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky were the first to show how bacteria help recycle vital elements between the soil and the atmosphere. Microbial ecology, the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment - Microbes are essential for life. Some produce oxygen by the process photosynthesis. Ex. algae & cyanobacteria (group of photosynthetic bacteria that produce oxygen). - Plenty of microbes are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and the wasteproducts of living organisms. Collectively, they are referred to as decomposers or saprophytes. A saprophyte

is an organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter. 5. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY is important because it aids in detection, isolation, diagnosis, and treatment of pathogenic bacteria, as well as the production of helpful organisms such as yeasts and antibiotics. There are 500 to 1,000 different species of bacteria on and in humans, according to estimates. They are known as our indigenous microflora (also known as our indigenous microbiota). Mostly beneficial to us. Opportunistic pathogens are microbes that colonize (inhabit) human body. Although these microbes usually do not cause problems, if they gain access to a part of the body where they are not supposed to be. they might cause diseases. Microbes that cause disease are known as pathogens. Those that do not cause disease are called nonpathogens. Disease-causing microorganisms are technically known as pathogens (also referred to as infectious agents). Only around 3% of known microorganisms have the ability to cause disease. Thus, nonpathogens microorganisms that do not cause disease make up the vast majority of known microbes.

MICP 211: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

WEEK 1: CHAPTER I:

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY - THE SCIENCE

SECOND SEMESTER, S.Y. 2021-2022 MRS. IMELDA MARCOS SEVILLA INTRODUCTION MICROBIOLOGY the study of microbes using various types of microscopes BIOLOGY the study of living organisms *** microbiology includes the study of certain nonliving entities as well as certain living organisms. LANGUAGE OF MICROBIOLOGY MICROBES non - living entities and living organisms MICRO means very small - anything so small that it must be viewed with a microscope MICROSCOPE an optical instrument used to observe very small objects TWO MAIN CATEGORIES OF MICROBE ACELLULAR MICROBES (also called infectious include viruses and prions

particles)it

CELLULAR MICROBES (also called microorganisms), include all bacteria, all archaea, some algae, all protozoa, and some fungi TYPES OF MICROBES PATHOGENS disease-causing microbes (also referred to as infectious agents or microbial enemies NON – PATHOGENS microbes that do not cause disease (microbial allies),some are beneficial to us, whereas others have no effect on us at all WHY STUDY MICROBIOLOGY?

BSN 1-Y2-9 February 9, 2022 (Lecture) PART II

Collectively, these microbes are known as our indigenous microflora (or indigenous microbiota) and, for the most part, they are of benefit to us. Some of the microbes that colonize (inhabit) our bodies are known as opportunistic pathogens (or opportunists) these microbes usually do not cause us any problems, they have the potential to cause infections For example: Escherichia coli (E. coli) – Intestinal Tracts microbes awaiting the opportunity to cause disease Many microbes are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms They are referred to as decomposers or ***saprophytes: organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter. Some microbes are capable of decomposing industrial wastes (oil spills, for example). We can use microbes—genetically engineered microbes, in some cases to clean up after ourselves Use of microbes in this manner is called BIOREMEDIATION Plankton microscopic organisms in the ocean Phytoplankton tiny marine plants and algae Zooplankton whereas tiny marine animals Microbes live in the intestinal tracts of animals, where they aid in the digestion of food and, in some cases, produce substances that are of value to the host animal. For example, the E. coli bacteria that live in the human intestinal tract produce vitamins K and B1. Many microbes are essential in various food and beverage industries, whereas others are used to produce certain enzymes and chemical. Bacteria and fungi produce antibiotics that are used to treat patients with infectious diseases.

We have, living on and in our bodies (e.g., on our skin and in our mouths and intestinal tract)

ANTIBIOTICS substance produced by a microbe that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microbes.

Healthcare profession must be aware of infectious diseases, the pathogens that cause them, the sources of the pathogens, how these diseases are transmitted, and how to protect yourself and your patients from these diseases. Microbes cause two categories of diseases: infectious diseases microbial intoxication

Syphilis made its first appearance in Europe in 1493. French called syphilis the Neapolitan disease; the Italians called it the French or Spanish disease; and the English called it the French pox. Other names for syphilis were Spanish, German, Polish, and Turkish pocks. Name “syphilis” was not given to the disease until 1530.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE VS. MICROBIAL INTOXICATION

PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INFECTIOUS DISEASE results when a pathogen colonizes the body and subsequently causes disease

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632–1723) The first person to see live bacteria and protozoa. “Father of Microbiology,” the “Father of Bacteriology,” and the “Father of Protozoology”. He ground tiny glass lenses, which he mounted in s...