Microbiomes - Microbes Section of Course. Professor Peg Riley PDF

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Microbes Section of Course. Professor Peg Riley...

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Microbiomes  Inherit microbiomes from others  Babies from C-Sections have less array of bacteria  Microbes from the same regions have similar microbes o Different areas = different bacteria (even for an individual)  Gut Bacteria o Fat storage o Angiogenesis (growth of capillaries to help oxygenate body) o Development and training of immune system o Biosynthesize vitamins and amino acids--> E. Coli creates vitamin B12 o Metabolism of medicine o Modification of nervous system o Breaking down food compounds o Resistance to pathogens o Protection against epithelial injury--> promote regeneration of skin tissue o Modulate bone-mass density  Diets with low -processed foods, high fiber, promotes the best microbiome  Three enterotypes (gut types)--> based on diet  Can alter microbiomes negative o European o North American o Japanese  Antibiotics kill off microbes--> deplete healthy microbiome o Cannot target specific bacteria/cells that are causing the harm o Cause immune difficulties when taking antibiotics at young ages o Child does not have a developed immune system--> creation of allergies and asthma Hygiene Hypothesis  Proposes that cleanliness has resulted in the recent increase of ailments such as allergies and other immune system abnormalities  Origin: larger families has lower cases of hay fever than smaller families o Not exposed to as much diversity--> more secluded o Larger families have increased exposure to microbes--> caused immune system to create responses, ultimately strengthen it  Microflora Hypothesis: early life mircobiota-mediayed mechanism promoting immunological tolerance o Promoting hypersensitivity disorders o Sterile environments are changing body's ability to respond to new microbes  Early-Life Exposure o C Sections vs. Vaginal Birth o Breastmilk vs. Formula---> no microbes from bottle, creates problems for newborns

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o Maternal/infant antibiotic o Environment (hospital, school, daycare) New Guinea vs. US o Different types of microbes o US has lack of diversity compared to New Guinea o Simplified society in New Guinea provides insight to original microbes of humans o Healthier than US? Antibiotics kill off essential all microbes o Toxic to microbiome o Health consequences linked to antibiotic use during developmental periods of life

In Human Gut  Gut: gastrointestinal tract responsible for digesting and absorbing food we eat  Prebiotics: indigestible food ingredients that act as a food source for probiotics o If not enough food for probiotics, they will die off (dysbiosis) o Not known which foods are best for microbiomes, but eating veggies can't hurt  Probiotics: tiny, health promoting organisms o No FDA Approved probiotics--> not way of knowing if it is good or not o Apples (w/ skin) o Bananas o Leeks o Asparagus  Food with high amounts of fiber to feed probiotics o Short course of probiotics to help boost microbiome after taking antibiotics Microbiome and Mental Health  Plays a direct role with mental health  Presence of a healthy microbiome to good memory o Studies tested with sterile mice found that mice with lactobacilli had:  Improved memory  Higher levels of mannitol  Higher levels of GABA protein  (linked to memory capacity) Precision Medicine using Microbiomes  Antibiotics at young age are linked to asthma Antibiotics: medication used to help fight infections Antibiotic Resistance: occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines 80% are not used for human health...