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MINORITY REPORT Lombroso, for instance, drew upon long standing traditions of physiognomy and phrenology, some dating back to the 18th century (for instance the work of Kaspar Lavater and Comte de Buffon), to argue for a typology of criminal types based entirely on the physical features of humans. In the landmark work, The Criminal Man (1876), Lombroso describes his eureka moment, when he discovers the particular depression on the head which allows him to recognize criminality as an inherited trait, and he pronounces the criminal as an “atavistic being who reproduces in his own person the ferocious instincts of primitive humanity and the inferior animals.” (Lombroso-Ferrero and Lombroso, xv). The markers of these criminal traits were visible markers available in the structure of the face, the skull and the body itself, which a scientist, or a detective skilled in the sciences, could read....