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1)#Which#is#NOT#considered#to#be#a#primary#function#of#the#respiratory#system?# A)#regulation#of#water#balance## B)#regulation#of#pH#balance## C)#protection#against#pathogens## D)#vocalization# E)#gas#exchange## # 2)#Ventilation#is#also#known#as# A)#breathing.# B)#inspiration.# C)#expiration.# D)#air#conduction.# E)#blowing.# # 3)#The#upper#respiratory#tract#includes#all#EXCEPT#which#of#the#following?# A)#nasal#cavity# B)#lungs# C)#trachea# D)#larynx# E)#mouth# # 4)#The#lower#respiratory#tract#includes# A)#all#of#the#bronchial#branches.# B)#only#the#lungs.# C)#only#the#trachea.# D)#all#of#the#bronchial#branches#and#the#lungs# E)#all#of#the#bronchial#branches,#the#lungs,#and#the#trachea.# # 5)#Pulmonary#ventilation#refers#to#the# A)#movement#of#air#into#and#out#of#the#lungs.# B)#movement#of#dissolved#gases#from#the#alveoli#to#the#blood.# C)#movement#of#dissolved#gases#from#the#blood#to#the#interstitial#space.# D)#movement#of#dissolved#gases#from#the#interstitial#space#to#the#cells.# E)#utilization#of#oxygen.# # 6)#Alveolar#ventilation#refers#to#the# A)#movement#of#air#into#and#out#of#the#lungs.# B)#movement#of#air#into#and#out#of#the#alveoli.# C)#movement#of#dissolved#gases#from#the#alveoli#to#the#blood.# D)#movement#of#dissolved#gases#from#the#blood#to#the#alveoli.# E)#utilization#of#oxygen#by#alveolar#cells#to#support#metabolism.# #

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7)#The#actual#sites#of#gas#exchange#within#the#lungs#are# A)#bronchioles.# B)#alveolar#ducts.# C)#pleural#spaces.# D)#alveoli.# E)#terminal#sacs.# # 8)#Place#the#following#structures#of#the#respiratory#tree#in#the#order#in#which#air#passes#through#them.# 1.#secondary#bronchi# 2.#bronchioles# 3.#primary#bronchi# 4.#alveoli# 5.#terminal#bronchioles# A)#4,#1,#2,#3,#5# B)#1,#3,#5,#2,#4# C)#3,#1,#5,#2,#4# D)#3,#1,#2,#5,#4# E)#1,#3,#2,#5,#4# # 9)#The#lungs#are#enclosed#in#________#membranes.# A)#pericardial# B)#pulmonary# C)#pleural# D)#thoracic# E)#costal# # 10)#The#lungs#are#located#in#the#________#cavity. # A)#pericardial# B)#pulmonary# C)#pleural# D)#thoracic# E)#costal# # 11)#Type#II#alveolar#cells# A)#allow#rapid#diffusion#of#gases#through#their#thin#membranes.# B)#secrete#a#chemical#known#as#surfactant.# C)#are#phagocytic.# D)#allow#rapid#diffusion#of#gases#through#their#thin#membranes,#secrete#a#chemical#known#as#surfactant,#and#are# phagocytic.# E)#None#of#the#statements#are#true.# #

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12)#Type#I#alveolar#cells# A)#allow#rapid#diffusion#of#gases#through#their#thin#membranes.# B)#secrete#a#chemical#known#as#surfactant.# C)#are#phagocytic.# D)#allow#rapid#diffusion#of#gases#through#their#thin#membranes,#secrete#a#chemical#known#as#surfactant,#and#are# phagocytic.# E)#None#of#the#statements#are#true.# # 13)#Which#of#the#following#features#of#the#alveolar#sacs#allows#for#the#ease#of#diffusion#of#gasses?# A)#They#are#made#of#a#single#layer#of#simple#squamous#epithelium.# B)#Type#II#alveolar#cells#secrete#surfactant.# C)#Elastin#fibers#allow#the#alveoli#to#stretch#thin#enough#for#diffusion#to#occur.# D)#They#are#made#of#a#single#layer#of#simple#squamous#epithelium#and#elastin#fibers#allow#the#alveoli#to#stretch# thin#enough#for#diffusion#to#occur.# # 14)#Surfactant# A)#protects#the#surface#of#the#lungs.# B)#phagocytizes#small#particulate#matter.# C)#replaces#mucus#in#the#alveoli.# D)#helps#prevent#the#alveoli#from#collapsing.# E)#is#not#found#in#healthy#lung#tissue.# # 15)#When#the#diaphragm#and#external#intercostal#muscles#contract,# A)#the#volume#of#the#thorax#increases.# B)#the#volume#of#the#thorax#decreases.# C)#the#volume#of#the#lungs#decreases.# D)#the#lungs#collapse.# E)#expiration#occurs.# # 16)#Dalton's#law#states#that# A)#gas#volume#and#temperature#are#directly#proportional.# B)#gas#volume#and#pressure#are#inversely#proportional.# C)# the# volume# of# gas# that# will# dissolve# in# a# solvent# is# proportional# to# the# solubility# of# the# gas# and# the# gas# pressure.# D)#in#a#mixture#of#gases#like#air,#the#total#pressure#is#the#sum#of#the#individual#partial#pressures#of#the#gases#in# the#mixture.# E)#None#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # 17)#Air#moves#into#the#lungs#because# A)#the#gas#pressure#in#the#lungs#is#less#than#outside#pressure.# B)#the#volume#of#the#lungs#decreases#with#inspiration.# C)#the#thorax#is#muscular.# D)#contraction#of#the#diaphragm#decreases#the#volume#of#the#pleural#cavity.# E)#All#of#the#answers#are#correct.# 3 Copyright (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

# 18)#Air#moves#out#of#the#lungs#because# A)#the#gas#pressure#in#the#lungs#is#less#than#outside#pressure.# B)#the#volume#of#the#lungs#decreases#with#expiration.# C)#the#thorax#is#muscular.# D)#contraction#of#the#diaphragm#increases#the#volume#of#the#pleural#cavity.# E)#All#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # 19)#In#quiet#breathing,# A)#inspiration#and#expiration#involve#muscular#contractions.# B)#inspiration#is#passive#and#expiration#involves#muscular#contractions.# C)#inspiration#involves#muscular#contractions#and#expiration#is#passive.# D)#inspiration#and#expiration#are#both#passive#processes.# E)#None#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # 20)#Air#entering#the#body#is#filtered,#warmed,#and#humidified#by#the# A)#upper#respiratory#tract.# B)#lower#respiratory#tract.# C)#lungs.# D)#alveoli.# E)#All#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # 21)#A#typical#value#for#intrapleural#pressure#is#________#mm#Hg.# A)#+6# B)#+3# C)#0# D)#-3# E)#-6# # 22)#When#alveolar#pressure#is#equal#to#atmospheric#pressure,#air#flows#into#the#lungs.# A)#True# B)#False# # 23)#Active#expiration#is#produced#by#contraction#of# A)#abdominal#muscles#only.# B)#diaphragm#only.# C)#internal#intercostals#only.# D)#external#intercostals#only.# E)#abdominal#muscles#and#internal#intercostals.# #

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24)#When#the#diaphragm#and#external#intercostal#muscles#contract,# A)#expiration#occurs.# B)#intrapulmonary#pressure#increases.# C)#intrapleural#pressure#decreases.# D)#the#volume#of#the#lungs#decreases.# E)#All#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # 25)#If#a#student#inhales#as#deeply#as#possible#and#then#blows#the#air#out#until#he#cannot#exhale#any#more,#the# amount#of#air#that#he#expelled#is#his# A)#tidal#volume.# B)#inspiratory#reserve#volume.# C)#expiratory#reserve#volume.# D)#minimal#volume.# E)#vital#capacity.# # 26)#The#distance#between#the#alveolar#airspace#and#capillary#endothelium#is#________,#allowing#gases#to#diffuse# ________#between#them.## A)#short,#rapidly# B)#long,#rapidly# C)#short,#slowly# D)#long,#slowly# E)#None#of#the#answers#are#correct–distance#does#not#affect#diffusion#rate.# # 27)#Flow#of#air# A)#is#directly#proportional#to#a#pressure#gradient,#and#flow#decreases#as#the#resistance#of#the#system#increases.## B)#is#directly#proportional#to#the#resistance,#and#flow#decreases#as#the#pressure#of#the#system#increases.# C)#is#directly#proportional#to#a#pressure#gradient,#and#flow#increases#as#the#resistance#of#the#system#increases.# D)#is#directly#proportional#to#the#resistance,#and#flow#increases#as#the#resistance#of#the#system#increases.# E)#None#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # Match&the&lung&volume&with&its&description.& # A.#tidal#volume# # B.#inspiratory#reserve#volume## # C.#expiratory#reserve#volume## # D.#residual#volume# # 28)#the#additional#air#inhaled#after#a#normal#inspiration#B# # 29)#the#minimum#amount#of#air#always#present#in#the#respiratory#system,#after#blowing#out#all#you#can#D# # 30)#the#extra#amount#actively#(forcibly)#exhaled#after#a#normal#exhalation#C# # 31)#the#amount#of#air#taken#in#during#a#single#normal#inspiration#A# 5 Copyright (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Match&the&lung&capacity&with&its&description.# # A.#total#lung#capacity# # B.#inspiratory#capacity# # C.#vital#capacity# # D.#functional#residual#capacity# # 32)#the#amount#of#air#remaining#in#the#lungs#after#a#normal#breath#D# # 33)#the#sum#of#all#the#lung#volumes#A# # 34)#the#amount#of#air#inhaled#during#an#active#(forced)#inspiration#B# # 35)#the#total#amount#of#air#that#can#be#exchanged#at#will#C# # 36)#The#beating#of#the#cilia#of#the#respiratory#passages#in#the#direction#of#the#pharynx#forms#a#________.# Mucociliary#escalator# # 37)#The#ease#with#which#the#lungs#stretch#in#response#to#changes#in#pressure#is#termed#________.# Compliance# # 38)#The#ability#of#a#lung#to#recoil,#or#recover#from#stretch,#is#called#________.# Elastance# # 39)#In#the#disease#________,#many#symptoms#are#due#to#destruction#of#elastic#fibers#in#the#lung.# Emphysema# # 40)#Some#have#a#congenital# alpha-1#antitrypsin#deficiency.#If#the#job#of# alpha-1#antitrypsin#is#to#inhibit#trypsin# and#elastase,#what#condition#are#people#with#this#genetic#deficiency#likely#to#develop?# Emphysema# # 41)#The#substance#produced#by#the#lungs#to#reduce#surface#tension#is#called#________.# Surfactant# # 42)#The#cells#of#the#lung#that#produce#the#substance#that#lowers#surface#tension#are#________# Type#II#Alveolar#cells# # 43)#Ongoing#diseases#in#which#air#flow#during#expiration#is#diminished#are#known#as#________.# Chronic#obstructive#pulmonary#diseases#(COPDs)# # 44)#The#volume#of#air#that#can#be#forcefully#expelled#from#the#lungs#following#a#normal#exhalation#is#called#the# ________.# Expiratory#reserve#volume# # 6 Copyright (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

45)#The#volume#of#air#that#can#be#forcefully#inhaled#on#top#of#a#normal#inspiration#is#called#the#________.# Inspiratory#reserve#volume# # 46)#The#volume#of#air#that#remains#in#the#lungs#after#a#forced#expiration#is#called#the#________.# Residual#volume# # 47)#The#opposing#layers#of#pleural#membrane#are#held#together#by#a#thin#film#of#________.# Pleural#fluid# # 48)#The#primary#function#of#the#alveoli#is#________.# Gas#exchange#between#the#alveoli#&#blood# # 49)#The#pressure#contributed#by#a#single#gas#in#a#mixture#of#gases#is#known#as#________.# Partial#pressure# # 50)#A#________#is#an#instrument#that#measures#the#volume#of#air#moved#with#each#breath.## Spirometer# # 51)#List#the#muscles#of#inspiration#and#expiration.# Inspiration# - Diaphragm# - External#intercostals# - Scalenes# - Sternocleidomastoids## # Expiration# - Internal#intercostals# - Abdominal#wall#muscles# # 52)#Damage#to#the#type#II#cells#of#the#lungs#would#contribute#to# A)#a#thickening#of#the#respiratory#membrane.# B)#an#increased#rate#of#gas#exchange.# C)#alveolar#rupture.# D)#alveolar#collapse.# E)#decreased#surface#tension#in#the#water#lining#the#alveoli.# # 53)#Harry#suffers#from#cystic#fibrosis#and#frequently#has#periods#where#he#can#hardly#breathe.#The#problem#is#the# result#of# A)#inflammation#of#the#bronchi.# B)#constriction#of#the#trachea.# C)#thick#secretions#that#exceed#the#ability#of#the#mucus#elevator#to#transport#them.# D)#laryngospasms#that#occur#in#response#to#a#toxic#substance#produced#by#the#epithelial#cells.# E)#collapse#of#one#or#both#lungs.# # 7 Copyright (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

54)#The#respiratory#rate#times#the#tidal#volume#corrected#for#dead#space#is#the# A)#vital#capacity.# B)#respiratory#minute#volume.# C)#pulmonary#ventilation#rate.# D)#alveolar#ventilation#rate.# E)#external#respiration#rate.# # 55)#Joe#is#playing#in#an#intramural#football#game#when#he#is#tackled#so#hard#that#he#breaks#a#rib.#He#can#actually# feel# a# piece# of# the# rib# sticking# through# the# skin,# and# he# is# having# a# difficult# time# breathing.# Joe# probably# is# suffering#from# A)#a#collapsed#trachea.# B)#an#obstruction#in#the#bronchi.# C)#a#pneumothorax.# D)#decreased#surfactant#production.# E)#a#bruised#diaphragm.# # Match&the&change&in&gas&composition&with&the&response&(disregard&weak&responses).# # # A.#PO2#increases.# #

B.#PCO2#increases.#

#

C.#PO2#decreases.#

#

D.#PCO2#decreases.#

# 56)#Arterioles:#systemic#constrict,#pulmonary#dilate.#A# # 57)#Bronchioles#and#systemic#arterioles#dilate.#B# # 58)#Arterioles:#systemic#dilate,#pulmonary#constrict.#C# # 59)#Bronchioles#and#systemic#arterioles#constrict.#D# # 60)#High#carbon#dioxide#concentration#in#body#fluids#is#called# A)#carbonation.# B)#hyperdioxia.# C)#hyperoxia.# D)#hypercarbia.# E)#hypercapnia.# #

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61)#The#partial#pressure#of#oxygen#in#arterial#blood#is#approximately#________#mm#Hg.# A)#40# B)#45# C)#50# D)#70# E)#100# # 62)#The#partial#pressure#of#carbon#dioxide#in#the#cells#of#peripheral#tissues#is#approximately#________#mm#Hg.# A)#40# B)#45# C)#50# D)#70# E)#100# # 63)# Of# the# factors# that# influence# diffusion# of# respiratory# gases,# the# most# variable# and,# therefore,# important# factor#to#consider#is#the# A)#concentration#gradient.# B)#diffusion#distance.# C)#membrane#surface#area.# D)#membrane#thickness.# E)#electrical#charge.# # 64)#The#process#by#which#dissolved#gases#are#exchanged#between#the#blood#and#interstitial#fluids#is# A)#pulmonary#ventilation.# B)#external#respiration.# C)#diffusion.# D)#cellular#respiration.# E)#breathing.# # 65)#Which#of#the#following#characteristics#makes#hemoglobin's#structure#such#a#good#match#for#its#function#as#an# oxygen#carrier?# A)#Each#hemoglobin#molecule#can#bind#one#oxygen#molecule.# B)#Each#hemoglobin#molecule#can#bind#two#oxygen#molecules.# C)#Each#hemoglobin#molecule#can#bind#four#oxygen#molecules.# D)#Each#hemoglobin#molecule#can't#be#saturated#by#oxygen#molecules.# E)#Each#hemoglobin#binds#irreversibly#to#an#oxygen#molecule.# # 66)#Most#of#the#oxygen#transported#by#the#blood#is# A)#dissolved#in#plasma.# B)#bound#to#hemoglobin.# C)#in#ionic#form#as#solute#in#the#plasma.# D)#bound#to#a#plasma#protein.# E)#carried#by#white#blood#cells.# # 9 Copyright (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

67)#At#a#PO2#of#70#mm#Hg#and#normal#temperature#and#pH,#hemoglobin#is#________%#saturated#with#oxygen.# A)#10# B)#25# C)#50# D)#75# E)#over#90# # 68)#Which#of#the#following#would#make#the#oxygen-hemoglobin#curve#shift#right?# A)#increased#H+#concentration# B)#increased#pH# C)#decreased#temperature# D)#decreased#CO2# E)#None#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # 69)#Chronic#hypoxia# A)#increases#2,3-DPG#production#in#blood.# B)#shifts#the#HbO2#dissociation#curve#to#the#left.# C)#can#be#caused#by#anemia.# D)#increases#2,3-DPG#production#in#blood#and#can#result#from#anemia.# E)#All#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # 70)#Most#of#the#carbon#dioxide#in#the#blood#is#transported#as# A)#solute#dissolved#in#the#plasma.# B)#carbaminohemoglobin.# C)#bicarbonate#ions.# D)#solute#dissolved#in#the#cytoplasm#of#red#blood#cells.# E)#carbonic#acid.# # 71)#In#the#medulla#oblongata,#the#nucleus#tractus#solitarius#contains#the#________#of#neurons.# A)#pontine#respiratory#group# B)#ventral#respiratory#group# C)#dorsal#respiratory#group# D)#pre-Botzinger#complex# # 72)#The#most#important#chemical#regulator#of#respiration#is# A)#oxygen.# B)#carbon#dioxide.# C)#bicarbonate#ion.# D)#sodium#ion.# E)#hemoglobin.# #

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73)#An#increase#in#the#level#of#carbon#dioxide#in#the#blood#will# A)#decrease#the#rate#of#breathing.# B)#increase#the#rate#of#breathing.# C)#decrease#pulmonary#ventilation.# D)#decrease#the#alveolar#ventilation#rate.# E)#increase#the#pH#of#arterial#blood.# # 74)# The# expiratory# neurons# control# the# ________# muscles,# whereas# the# inspiratory# neurons# control# the# ________#muscles.# A)#diaphragm#and#external#intercostal,#abdominal#and#internal#intercostal# B)#abdominal#and#internal#intercostal,#diaphragm#and#external#intercostal# C)#diaphragm#and#internal#intercostal,#abdominal#and#external#intercostal# D)#abdominal#and#external#intercostal,#diaphragm#and#internal#intercostal# E)#diaphragm#and#abdominal,#intercostal#internal#and#external# & Match&the&lung&disease&to&its&description.# # # A.#fibrotic#lung#disease# # B.#emphysema# # C.#asthma# # D.#pulmonary#edema# # 75)#destruction#of#alveoli#B# # 76)#thickened#alveolar#membrane#and#decreased#lung#compliance#A# # 77)#decreased#surface#area#for#gas#exchange#B# # 78)#increased#airway#resistance#C# # 79)#fluid#accumulation#in#interstitial#spaces#D# # 80)#increased#diffusion#distance#D# &

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Match&the&factor&with&its&effect&on&the&affinity&of&hemoglobin&for&oxygen.# # # A.#increase# # B.#decrease# # 81)#increased#temperature#B# # 82)#increased#pH#A# # 83)#increased#PCO2#B# # 84)#increased#2,3-DPG#B# # # 85)#Too#little#oxygen#in#cells#is#called#________.# Hypoxia# # 86)#Generally,#PO2#in#arterial#blood#is#________#than#PO2#in#venous#blood.# Higher# # 87)#Generally,#PCO2#in#arterial#blood#is#________#than#PCO2#in#venous#blood.# Lower# # 88)#PCO2#tends#to#be#________#in#tissues#than#in#systemic#capillaries.# Higher# # 89)#Diffusion#rate#is#directly#proportional#to#________#and#________.# Concentration#gradient#and#SA# # 90)#________#is#characterized#by#a#decreased#surface#area#for#gas#exchange#in#the#lungs.# Emphysema# # 91)________#is#characterized#by#a#thickened#alveolar#membrane,#slowing#respiratory#gas#exchange.# Fibrotic#lung#disease# # 92)#In#________,#fluid#accumulates#in#the#interstitial#spaces#of#the#lungs,#slowing#gas#exchange.# Pulmonary#oedema# # 93)#________#is#characterized#by#an#increased#airway#resistance#and#decreased#ventilation.# Asthma# #

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94)#Diffusion#rate#is#indirectly#proportional#to#________.# Membrane#thickness# # 95)#________#is#the#enzyme#that#converts#CO2#into#bicarbonate#ions.## Carbonic#anhydrase# # 96)# The# ________# group# of# neurons# contains# mostly# inspiratory# neurons.# The# ________# group# of# neurons# controls#muscles#used#for#active#expiration#and#some#inspiratory#muscles.# Dorsal#respiratory#group#(inspiration);#Ventral#respiratory#group#(expiration)# # 97)# The# output# of# the# ________# group# of# inspiratory# neurons# controls# the# ________# muscle(s)# by# way# of# the# ________#nerve.# Dorsal#respiratory#group# Diaphragm/internal#intercostal#muscles# Phrenic#nerve# # 98)#For#maximum#efficiency#in#loading#oxygen#at#the#lungs,# A)#the#pH#should#be#slightly#acidic.# B)#the#temperature#should#be#slightly#lower#than#normal#body#temperature.# C)#the#PO2#should#be#about#70#mm.# D)#DPG#levels#in#the#red#blood#cells#should#be#high.# E)#All#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # 99)#Blocking#afferent#action#potentials#from#the#chemoreceptors#in#the#carotid#and#aortic#bodies#would#interfere# with#the#brain's#ability#to#regulate#breathing#in#response#to#all#EXCEPT#which#of#the#following?# A)#changes#in#PCO2# B)#changes#in#PO2# C)#changes#in#pH#due#to#carbon#dioxide#levels# D)#changes#in#blood#pressure# E)#All#of#the#answers#are#correct.# # #

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