Module 1 Viewing Small World (Auto Recovered) PDF

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Mandatory lab practicals assignments...

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Frankline Olum

Viewing a Small World Levels of Organization At this point, we can begin to comprehend the living world on several levels simultaneously: ecological, molecular, and cellular. In addition, we will begin to examine the way organisms are built. These are the basic categories: Single cells -- The body consists entirely of one cell. Colonies -- Groups of cells live primarily an independent existence, but happen to remain together as a group – a cluster, a chain, etc. of nearly identical cells. Multi-cellular organisms – The body is made of many kinds of dissimilar, specialized cells. A division of labor exists, each cell performing only one limited job within the organism. We will examine plants, animals, and organisms that degrade dead organisms fitting them into the above organizational categories as well as study cell structures and organelles. Follow along in the Viewing a Small World PowerPoint while you complete this lab.

Part I. Photosynthetic Organisms 1. A single-cell protist called a Euglena is an example of a photosynthetic organism. It is composed of one, eukaryotic cell and is plant-like and animal-like. Look at the pictures and watch the videos of Euglena in the PowerPoint that accompanies this lab. As you examine these cells, what do you infer about the preferred environment of the species? Explain your thinking: Since the species is neither a plant nor an animal but rather posses both features like manufacturing their own food like plants on one hand and movement and food consumption on the other hand like animal, therefore their preferred environment would be water i.e ponds, or shallow water, in pond, they can be found in algae or pond weed.

Despite their small size, cells have visible characteristics and structures within them. Using the information in the PowerPoint, list cell structures and/or organelles that you observe.

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At 40x Euglena appears like tiny particles making small movement in the water, however as the magnification increases to 100x and 400x they appear green/light green in color with dark spot inside as well as a whip like tail which is located at the small end of the organisms and transparent or colorless. Shape-appears elongated unicellular organism with a blunt rounded side on one part and pointed on the other side. Flagellum-based on the diagram in the PowerPoint, it looks like the whip like tail is the flagellum. Plasma membrane-based on the PowerPoint drawing, it seems this organism has plasma membrane as opposed to cell wall. The presence of eyespot like structures-the reddish spot at the anterior part The presence of chlorophyl-the dark greenish spot that can be seen through out the organism.

2. Colonies of cells are visible in plant-like organisms called algae. It is also made up of eukaryotic cells like the Euglena listed above. The single cells form chains called colonies. Observe the pictures and videos of algae in the PowerPoint. Is there a predictable number of cells in each strand that is a colony of cells? ______yes Why or why not? Since the cells have eyespots, under an electronic microscope, scientist can conduct a census because usually the eye swim towards the light therefore they can be counted. Its approximated to have between 1000 to 3 000 photosynthetic algae ion a colony. Using the visuals in your text, list the cell structures and/or organelles you observe.    

Contain nucleus. Contain chloroplast. Flagella for movement

3. Plants have multiple layers of eukaryotic cells. Observe the video and picture of a plant leaf epidermis in the PowerPoint. Using the visuals in your text, list the cell structures and/or organelles you observe.  

Chloroplast Stomata

Frankline Olum  Epidermis  Guard cells Using the visuals in your text, list and define 3 cell organelles and/or structures present in the cells of photosynthetic organisms but not observed under the microscope.

Part 2. Pond Organism 1. Single cells: Spirostomum is one of the largest single cells. It is an animal-like organism and is composed of one eukaryotic cell. Observe the pictures and videos of Spirostomum in the PowerPoint.

How does its shape aid its survival? Better swimmer in water/pond What cellular structures does it have that might contribute to its ability to be a successful consumer? Fine hairs -cilia: coordinate movements Using the visuals in your textbook, list cell structures and/or organelles that you observe.     

Cilia Mouth Nucleus Contractile vacuole Food vacuole

Part 3. Human eukaryotic cells 1. Human cheek cells are specialized eukaryotic cells. Observe the picture and video in the PowerPoint. Using the visuals in your textbook, list cell structures and/or organelles that you observe.   

Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

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2. Human blood cells including red and white blood cells. Observe the picture and video in the PowerPoint. Using the visuals in your textbook, list cell structures and/or organelles that you observe.   

White blood cells Red blood cells platelets

Using the visuals in the text, list and define three organelles and/or structures found in human cells not observed in the in the picture of the cheek and blood cells.   

Ribosomes: This is a protein synthesis. Golgi Body: This is where the proteins are finalized. DNA: This makes up our genes/heredity.

Part 4. Organisms that eat dead or decaying matter (decomposers) 1. Single cells: Bacteria in yogurt Bacteria are prime examples of decomposers, but difficult to observe. If you see tiny swimming, dancing, wiggling dots or rods, these are bacteria. They are made up of single, prokaryotic cells either in isolation or in colonies. They belong to the Domain Bacteria. Observe the picture and video of bacteria in yogurt in the PowerPoint

Although no cell structures will be visible at this magnification, what kind of cell structures do you infer are present because of the ability to move?  Cilla,  Flagella, and a  Cytoskeleton. Use the visuals in your text to identify and list these. Remember that no membrane-bound organelles are present in prokaryotic-celled organisms. 

Cilla: Hair-like structures to have movement in fluid.

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Flagella: Tail-like structures that use locomotion to move through fluid.

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Cytoskeleton: This is kind of like a human bone structure but to have better movement.

2. Single-cells: Flagellated Bacteria prepared slide Observe the picture and video of bacteria in yogurt in the PowerPoint Use the visuals in your text to identify any structures you observe. Remember that no membrane-bound organelles are present in prokaryotic celled organisms.   

Cytoplasmic membrane Flagella nucleoid

Using the visuals in your text, list and define three cell structures found in bacteria but not visible under the microscope. 

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Cytoplasmic Membrane - A layer of phospholipids and proteins, called the cytoplasmic membrane, encloses the interior of the bacterium, regulating the flow of materials in and out of the cell Ribosomes - Ribosomes are microscopic "factories" found in all cells, including bacteria. They translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nucleic acid to that of amino acids Pili - Many species of bacteria have pili (singular, pilus), small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface. These outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks

ANALYSIS 1. What cellular structure or characteristic seems to be generally true of organism that use photosynthesis? They have the ability to harness energy from the sun and convert it to chemical energy.

2. What structures or abilities are essential to the success of organisms who do not use photosynthesis?

Frankline Olum The locomotive properties enable them to find food since they are unable to produce on their own like plants. 3. Decomposers do not "eat" in the sense of consuming whole organisms, so how do they obtain their food? They obtain their food through breakdown of waste products from dead organisms

4. What is the relationship between cell specialization and the ability of the cell to survive independently? Performing everything alone, food supplies, multi-depends on other cells....