Module 11-Chapter 12 Micronutrient Function in Energy Metabolism PDF

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Module 11-Chapter 12 Micronutrient Function in Energy Metabolism...

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Module 11-Chapter 12: Micronutrient Function in Energy Metabolism 12.1: The Roles of B Vitamins in Energy Metabolism - B vitamins and some minerals play key roles in metabolism as coenzymes or cofactors - Early symptoms of B vitamin deficiencies typically occur in the brain and the nervous system skin and GI tract because cells in these tissues are metabolically active - Cells in the skin and GI tract are also constantly being replaced

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After being ingested, B vitamins is broken down from their coenzyme forms and into free vitamins in the stomach and small intestine - Vitamins are then absorbed primarily in the small intestine - Once inside cells, B vitamins are made into their coenzyme forms B Vitamin Intakes of North Americans - Adequate - Typical dietary patterns contain plentiful and varied natural sources of these vitamins - B vitamins are water soluble, very little is stored in the body and the excess that we eat ends up in the urine or stool - About 10% to 25% of these vitamins are lost from food during food processing and preparation bc they dissolve in water - Although long term effects of such marginal deficiencies are yet unknown however suspected - Cardiovascular disease - Cancers - Cataracts of the eye are suspected B Vitamins in Grains - Process of refining grains leads to the loss of B vitamins, as well as other vitamins and minerals - Food enrichment was initiated by federal legislation in the 1930s to help combat nutrient deficiencies such as pellagra and iron-deficiency anemia

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12.2: Thiamin (Vitamin B-1) Functions of Thiamin - First water soluble vitamin to be discovered - Primary fxn is to help release energy from carb - Coenzyme form, TPP, participates in rxn in which CO2 is released during the breakdown of carbs and certain amino acids - These rxn are particularly important in the body’s ATP producing energy pathways - Also fxn in chemical rxn that makes RNA, DNA and neurotransmitters Thiamin Deficiency - Also called beriberi - Symptoms - Weakness - Loss of appetite - Irritability - Nervous tingling throughout the body - Poor arm and leg coordination - Deep muscle pain in calves - Seen in areas where rice is a staple food and polished rice is consumed - Results from glucose cannot be metabolized to release energy because of lack of thiamine - Alcohol abuse increases risk absorption and excretion are profoundly diminished and excretion is increased by consumption of alcohol - There is a limited storage in the body, that far and alcoholic binge lasting 1 to 2 weeks May quickly deplete already diminished amounts of the vitamin end result and deficiency symptoms - Called Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Getting Enough Thiamin - Average daily intakes for men exceed the DV by 50% or more - Women generally meet the RDA - Potential contributors to deficiency are eating patterns dominated by highly processed in unenriched Foods, added sugars, fat, as well as a heavy alcohol intake combined with inadequate eating pattern - No toxicity has been observed from use of oral thiamin supplements - Rapidly lost in the urine - No UL has been set

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Major sources include pork products, whole grains, Ready-to-Eat breakfast cereals, in breakfast cereals, and flour

12.3: Riboflavin (Vitamin B-2) Functions of Riboflavin - Derives name from its yellow color - Coenzymes form of riboflavin, flavin dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) participate in many energy yielding metabolic pathways - Indirectly, riboflavin also has an antioxidant role in the body through its support of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase Riboflavin Deficiency - Symptoms - Inflammation of mouth, tongue - Dermatitis - Various eye disorders - Sensitivity to sun - Confusion - Occurs with deficiencies of niacin and thiamine and vitamin B6 - Glossitis - Painful soreness or inflammation of the tongue that can signal a deficiency of riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, folate or vitamin B-12 - Angular Cheilitis - Inflammation of the corners of the mouth that can cause pain from cracking - Rows symptoms develop after about 2 months on a riboflavin poor dietary pattern Getting Enough Riboflavin - Daily intakes are slightly above the RDA - People with alcohol use disorders risk riboflavin deficiency because their eating patterns have low nutrient density - Others at risk for a riboflavin deficiency are athletes who or vegetarian, individuals following a vegan etain plan and women who are pregnant or locating - No observable sx indicated that riboflavin intake in megadose supplements is toxic - No UL observable - Excrete excess riboflavin

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Grains, dairy and protein groups

12.4: Niacin (Vitamin B-3) Functions of Niacin - Functions in the body as - Nicotinic acid - Nicotinamide Niacin Deficiency - Because mine's Senco enzymes function in over 200 and semantic reactions deficiency causes widespread problems in the body early so for a for Apple wait pellagra, which means rougher painful skin Symptom of the disease or dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis left untreated death often results pellagra is the only dietary deficiency disease over to reach epidemic proportions in the United States today pellagra is a rare disease in Western societies and is only seen associated with chronic alcohol use disorders in conjunction with poverty and malnutrition and in those with rare disorders of tryptophan metabolism Getting Enough Niacin - We can synthesize about 50% of the nice and required each day from the amino acid tryptophan requires two other vitamins riboflavin and vitamin B6 to function as coenzymes in this chemical conversation and dietary pattern, 16 mg of tryptophan yield about 1 mg of niacin

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Intakes of nice and by adults are about double the r d a the best food sources of niacin are found in the MyPlate protein group major sources are tuna and other fish, poultry, peanuts, Ready-to-Eat cereals, beef and asparagus niacin is heat stable, little is lost in cooking

Avoiding Too Much Niacin - The upper level for nice and pertains only to the nicotinic acid form side effects include headache, itching, and increase blood flow to the skin because of blood vessel dilation symptoms are especially seeing you in intakes are above 100 mg per day in the long run GI tract and liver damage are possible so any use of megadoses require close medical monitoring 12.5: Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B-5) Functions of Pantothenic Acid - Required for the synthesis of coenzyme a a coenzyme and chemical reactions that allow the release of energy from carbs lipids and proteins also fatty acids, so they can yield energy and is used in the initial steps of fatty acid synthesis Pantothenic Acid Deficiency - Nutritional deficiency among healthy people with a very be eating pattern is unlikely a deficiency of pantothenic acid make her and alcohol use disorders along with nutrient deficient eating pattern however the symptoms would probably be hidden among deficiencies of thymine, rival Simon, vitamin B6, and folate, so the pantothenic deficiency might be unrecognizable Getting Enough Pantothenic Acid - Adequate intake set for pantothenic acid is 5 mg per day for adults average consumption is well in excess of this amount found in every group but the richest sources are sunflower seeds mushrooms peanuts and eggs no upper level is set because no observable toxicity is known

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12.6: Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine) Functions of Vitamin B-6 - Known by number rather than its General name, and has a family of three structurally similar compounds all can be converted into the active vitamin B6 coenzyme, PLP coenzyme forms of B6 are needed for the activity of numerous enzymes involved in carb lipid and protein metabolism what are the primary functions is as coenzyme and over a hundred chemical reactions that involve metabolism of amino acids and protein the B6 enzyme participates in reactions that allow the synthesis of non-essential amino acids by helping to split the nitrogen group for an amino acid and making it available to another amino acid vitamin B6 also plays a role in homocysteine in metabolism Vitamin B-6 Deficiency - because of the role in hemoglobin synthesis and amino acid metabolism a deficiency in vitamin B6 would affect multiple body systems, including the cardiovascular, I mean, and nervous systems, as well as overall energy metabolism vitamin B6 deficiency also result in widespread symptoms depression, vomiting, skin disorders, irritation of the nerves, anemia and impaired immune response people with alcohol use disorders are susceptible to vitamin B6 deficiency Getting Enough Vitamin B-6 with their ample consumption of animal products, North Americans have an average daily consumption of B6 that is greater than the RDA some research to indicate that athletes might need slightly more vitamin B6 and sedentary adults athletes bodies require large quantities of glass of Gene and protein and a metabolism of these compounds require B6

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vitamin B6 are animal products in fortified ready to eat breakfast cereals other sources are vegetables and fruits such as potatoes, spinach, bananas, and cantaloupes

Avoiding Too Much Vitamin B-6 - The upper level for vitamin B6 as 100 mg per day, based on the risk of developing nerve damage Studies have shown that intake of 226 grams of vitamin B6 per day for two or more months can lead to irreversible nerve damage Symptoms walking difficulties in hand and foot tingling and numbness some nerve damage in individual Sensory neurons is probably reversible but damage to the ganglia appears to be permanent other effects of excessive B6 intakes include painful disfiguring skin lesions, photosensitivity, and GI symptoms, such as nausea and heartburn with 500 mg tablets of vitamin B6 available taking a toxic dose is possible 12.7: Biotin (Vitamin B-7) Functions of Biotin - Biotin age in dozens of reaction Assist in the addition of carbon dioxide to other compounds as well as in breaking down certain amino acids Biotin Deficiency has never been reported in a healthy person's with a normal mixed eating pattern groups that risk individuals with a genetic disorder that prevents free by of 10 from released individuals with chronic alcohol exposure pregnant and breastfeeding women Symptoms

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loss of hair, a scaly inflammation of the skin, changes in the tongue and lips, brittle nails, decrease appetite, nausea vomiting, a form of anemia, depression, muscle pain and weakness, and poor growth Getting Enough Biotin our food supply start to provide 40 to 60 micrograms per person per day which is more than the AI appear as a relatively non-toxic no upper level for biotin has been set

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protein sources such as egg yolks are good sources of biotin because intestinal bacteria synthesize some biotin that you can absorb, a biotin deficiency is unlikely is bacterial synthesis and the intestines is not sufficient, as in people who are missing a large part of the colon or who take antibiotics for months, special attention must be paid to meet biotin needs

biotin bioavailability very significant among food bases on the food biotin protein complex for example consuming raw eggs may lead to eventual biotin deficiency whereas cooking them denatures protein and act so it cannot bind the biotin in raw egg whites biotin is bound to avidin which inhibit absorption of the vitamin

12.8: Iodine Functions of Iodine - The thyroid gland actively accumulates and traps iodine from the bloodstream to support thyroid hormone synthesis thyroid hormones are synthesized using iodine in amino acid tyrosine because these hormones help regulate my table create and promote growth and development to other body, iodine adequacy is important for overall energy metabolism Iodine Deficiency the thyroid gland and largest as it attempts to take a more iodine from the bloodstream this eventually leads to a goiter simple greater is it painless condition by it can lead to a pressure on the trachea which

may cause difficulty in breathing although iodine can prevent goiter formation, it does not significantly shrink a quitter once it has been formed surgical removal may be required if a woman has an iodine deficiency eating pattern during the early months of pregnancy the fetus suffers iodine deficiency because the available iodine is used by the mother's body the infant may be born with stunted growth and development delays that collectively are known as congenital hyperthyroidism this condition appeared in North America before iodine fortification of table salt began today congenital hypothyroidism still appears in Europe, Africa, Latin America, and Asia Getting Enough Iodine the RDA for iodine with set to support the thyroid gland function half a teaspoon of iodine fortified salt supplies amount most Americans consume an estimated 190 to 300 micrograms of iodine daily which is more than the r d a there's a slight concern that individuals falling a vegan pattern do not consume enough unless iodized salt is used -

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Avoiding Too Much Iodine - Upper level for iodine is 1100 micrograms per day when the high amounts of eyeliner consumed, thyroid hormone synthesis is inhibited this can appear in people who eat a lot of seaweed 12.9: Chromium Functions of Chromium - Enhances the function of insulin, so it is required for glucose uptake in cells mineral is involved in the metabolism lipids and proteins as well although the exact mechanisms

are on none promoted for building muscle mass in for weight loss but there's not much evidence to support these claims Chromium Deficiency characterized by impaired blood glucose control and elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides low or marginal chromium and takes me contribute to an increase risk for developing type 2 diabetes but opinions are next on the tree green of this affect appears in people maintained in or on intravenous nutritious Solutions not supplemented with chromium and in children with malnutrition Getting Enough Chromium meet whole grain and eggs and mushrooms and nuts and beer are spices relatively good sources of chromium absorption is quite low, only 0.4 to 2.5% of the amount consumed absorption is enhance vitamin C and niacin any onions with chromium is excreted through the feces once absorbed it is stored in the liver, spleen, soft tissue and Bone, and it is excreted via urine certain conditions can enhance the loss of chromium in the urine eating patterns high in simple sugars serious infection acute prolonged exercise pregnancy and lactation major physical trauma AI for chromium is based on the present and a balanced dietary pattern average adult and takes in North America are estimated at about 30 micrograms per day no upper level has been set because toxicity for that present in Foods has not been observed -

12.10: Other Trace Minerals Involved in Energy Metabolism Manganese - Manganese is required as a cofactor for synthesis of glucose and metabolisms of some amino acids also need to buy some enzymes such as those used in free radical metabolism important for bone formation, 25% of 40% is in bone deficiency does not develop in humans unless individuals are fed intravenously with Solutions without manganese animals on manganese deficient diets suffer alterations and brain function, bone formation, and reproduction

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if human dietary patterns were alone manganese, these symptoms would probably appear as well AI for manganese is 1.8 to 2.3 mg to offset daily losses average intakes fall within this range TV use on food and supplement labels is 2.3 mg good sources of manganese are nuts, rice, oats, and other whole grains, beans and leafy vegetables

Manganese is toxic at high dose supplements are not recommended as large doses can decrease absorption of other minerals upper level is on 11 milligrams per day based on the development of nerve damage Molybdenum several human enzymes use, including some involved in metabolism of amino acids that contain sulfur no deficiency has reported in people who consume food orally symptoms of a Puritan people maintained on intravenous nutrition devoid of this Trace mineral Symptoms heart and respiratory rates, night blindness, mental confusion, the Dima and weakness good food sources including milk and dairy products, beans, whole grains, and not RDA form is 45 micrograms to offset daily losses DV 45 micrograms daily intake average 76 micrograms for women and 109 micrograms for men UL is 2000 micrograms per day when consumed in high doses it causes toxicity and laboratory animals resulting in weight loss and decrease growth plexus injury risk in humans is quite low -

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12.11: Nutrition and your Health - Functions of choline cell membrane structure precursor for several phospholipids single carbon metabolism precursor for betaine, a compound that participates in many chemical reactions that involve the transfer of single carbon groups and metabolism some researchers suggest a potential role of adequate Crow line for the prevention of birth defects somewhere to that a full 8 they're functioning brain development part of acetylcholine in your transmitter associated with attention, learning, memory, muscle control, and many other Sphingomyelin, a choline contain phospholipid, is part of the myelin sheath that insulates nerve cells lipid transport

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choline is a component of lipoproteins which carry lipids throughout the blood rules of colon and lipid transport and Homo cytosine metabolism have implicated in nutrient and prevention of cardiovascular disease Getting Enough Choline widely distributed in foods soy beans, a geodes, beef, cauliflower, almonds, and peanuts are good source in the US most of our cholines come from eggs and other protein food

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- Eggs are by far the most nutrient-dense Avoiding Too Much Choline - you out for adults is set at 3.5 grams per day routinely exceeding that you owe will result in a fishy body odor and low blood pressure, hypotension...