Module-7-Emerging-Nationalism PDF

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Summary

I. IntroductionCavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement. Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities served ultimately to p...

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EMERGING NATIONALISM

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I.

Introduction

Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement. Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities served ultimately to promote the nationalist cause. When Rizal published El Filibusterismo in 1891, he dedicated the book to the three martyred priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora. Jose Rizal wrote: “I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which I undertake to combat. And while we wait expectantly for Spain someday to restore your good name and cease to be answerable for your death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried leaves over your unknown tombs, and let it be understood that everyone who without proofs attacks your memory stains his hands with your blood.”

II.    

III.

Learning Objectives Demonstrate in-depth knowledge of the causes and effects of the Cavite Mutiny; Identify competencies in explaining the conflict between the Filipino secular priests and Spanish regular priests; Cite the tremendous effect of the GOMBURZA martyrdom to the young fertile mind of Rizal; and Discuss the events that led to the bloody revolution that paved the way for Philippine independence. Lesson Proper

Vocabulary Word Episcopal visitation – an official visit by the bishop on a diocese done every three years to examine the condition of the congregation Garote – a form of capital punishment where an iron collar is tightened around the condemned person’s neck Polo – forced labor that required Filipino males from 16-60 to render service for 40 days Regular clergy – priests who belong to religious order Secular clergy – engaged in pastoral work Tributo – system of taxation Page 1 of 4

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Cavite Mutiny On January 20, 1872, approximately 250 Filipino soldiers and workers rose in revolt at an arsenal in Cavite. Eleven Spaniards were killed. An oft-cited reason for the mutiny was a decree by Gov. Gen Rafael de Izquierdo which ordered that arsenal workers will not be exempt from tributo and polo. Other accounts argued that the revolt was part of a bigger plan to overthrow Spanish government, what really happened in the mutiny was far from what was originally planned. Among those who clamored for reform were Filipino priests. Secularization Movement The introduction and the strengthening of the Catholic faith in the Philippines were throught the efforts of two types of clergy: the regular clergy and secular clergy. Regular Clergy were prepared for missionary work and their job is to convert the native to the catholic faith and establish religious communities. -

Augustinians (1565) Discalced Franciscans (1578) Jesuits (1581) Dominicans (1587) Augustinian Recollects (1606)

Secular Clergy – their primary task was the management of religious communities and continuation of work laid down by regular clergy. They are the ones in-charge in the administration in parishes. However, the control of parishes remained with the regular clergy. There were two issues among the clergy in the Philippines: Issue #1: Episcopal visitation: An omnimoda bull passed by Pope Adrian VI in 1522 allowed the regulars to act a parish priests independent from the authority of the local bishop. This conflicted to the reforms established in the Council of Trent (1545 – 1563) which declared that no priest could care for the souls of laymen unless they were subject to episcopal authority that come through visitation. Regular clergy would counteract these visitations by resigning as priests and leaving the parishes unattended. Issue #2: Regular clergy maintained the control over the parishes because of scarcity of secular priests. However, when the number of secular priests increased, the regular clergy still refused to hand over the parishes for the ff reasons: -

The Philippines still remained as an active mission (en viva conquista spiritual). Page 2 of 4

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Economic reasons.

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Their view that Filipino clergy are unqualified and incompetent.

Execution of GomBurZa As a result of the revolt in Cavite, several priests and laymen were arrested on the orders of Governor-General Izquierdo. Among the priests were: -

Jose Burgos

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Jacinto Zamora Mariano Gomez Jose Guevarra Feliciano Gomez Mariano Sevilla Bartolome Serra Miguel de Laza Justo Guazon Vicente del Rosario Pedro Dandan Anacleto Desiderio

Among the laymen were lawyers and businessmen: -

Gervacio Sanchez Pedro Carillo Maximo Inocencio Balbino Mauricio Ramon Maurente Maximo Paterno

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Jose Basa

The three Filipino priests were sentenced to death on February 15, 1872 while others were sentenced to varying exile to Guam. A French writer-journalist named Emund Plauchut gave an account of the execution: “Upon hearing the sentence, Burgos broke into sobs, Zamora lost his mind and never recovered, and only Gomez listened impassively, an old man accustomed to the thought of death.” “There were 40,000 Filipinos surrounding the platforms were the 3 priests would die.” “Burgos wept like a child, Zamora with vacant eyes and Gomez head held high, blessing the Filipinos. Gomez died first, followed by Zamora and lastly, Burgos.

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A refinement of cruelty compelled him to watch the death of his companions. He said, “But what crime have I committed? Is it possible that I should die like this. My God, is there no justice on earth? “A dozen friars surrounded him and pressed him down again upon the seat of the garrote, pleading with him to die a Christian death. He obeyed but, feeling his arms tied around the fatal post, protested once again” “But I am innocent!” “So was Jesus Christ,” said one of the friars. At this Burgos, resigned himself. The executioner knelt at his feet and asked for his forgiveness. “I forgive you my son. Do your duty.”

IV.

Learning Activities

Activity No.1: Supplementary Reading: “The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny” by Chris Antonette PiedadPugay. Read the article on this link: http://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/

V.

Assessment/Reflection

Reflection No. 1: After reading the article “The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny” by Chris Antonette PiedadPugay, in your own perspective, how do you think did this event affect the nationalism of the Filipino people? VI. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Self-Test What was the reason behind the Cavite Mutiny? Differentiate the regular clergy from the secular clergy. What were the two issues among the clergy in the Philippines? Why were the three Filipino priests sentenced to death?

VII.

Post-test

All post-tests shall be given by the instructor. VIII.

Resources

Rhodalyn Wani-Obias, Aaron Abel Mallari, Janet Regindin-Estella. The Life and Works of Rizal: C & E Publishing, Inc. 2018

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