Module - STS - Lecture notes 1-6 PDF

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Unit 1 : C H. 1 –Historica l AntecedentsIn the ancient times, people were concerned with the ff;⚫ TRANSPORTATION – was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. ⚫ To search for food and find a better locations for settlement ⚫ To trade their surp...

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SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE) produce food at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities.

Unit 1: CH.1 –Historical Antecedents In the ancient times, people were concerned with the ff; ⚫

TRANSPORTATION – was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons.

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To search for food and find a better locations for settlement

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To trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked.

Navigation assisted them in their journeys, it allowed them to return home after their travel to new places. ANCIENT TIMES

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ANCIENT TIMES ⚫ WEAPONS AND ARMORS – for security and protection was a major achievement. ⚫

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COMMUNICATION – was essential to discover and occupy new places.

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They need a way to communicate with the natives of the areas so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.

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Record- keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document the trades they made.

Also vital to keep record of their history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried ANCIENT TIMES ⚫

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To relate with other cultures and civilizations.

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The increase in size and number of nations connoted increased demand for food and other basic necessities.

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This condition also implied that people must be able to

The people thus needed a form of technology that would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without them traveling more or working harder.

For the establishment of new alliances with other tribes as there was always a risk of conflict when people met others with different culture and orientations. Conflicts were common especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources.

Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so they could take much needed resources. ANCIENT TIMES ⚫

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CONSERVATION OF LIFE – is the primary challenged they faced. The early people might have been successful in harnessing the rich resources that the world could provide, but their SURVIVAL posed a great problem.

Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being. Given this predicament, S and T played a major role in the discovery of cures to, if not the prevention of, illnesses. ANCIENT TIMES ⚫

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FIELD OF ENGINEERING – the developemnt in this field allowed humans to build structures that would address their

SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE) specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built before still exist today. ⚫

ARCHITECTURE – the development of engineering also ushered in the introduction of this field. During this times, elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization. In the generations now, it would be considered a STATUS SYMBOL among nations of how advanced their technology is and identity of a nation.

ANCIENT TIMES CONCLUSION ⚫

The developments in S and T , aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many prior antecedents. Out of necessity, people in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that would impact the lives of the modern people.

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SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION- Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another

A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry. ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

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URUK CITY- a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the world but also for the way it was erected.

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No building stones and lumber was limited making the construction a big challenge.

They used mud and clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks used in housing that could protect them from the harsh weather and wall around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders from entering. ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

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THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR- also called the Mountain of God, was built in the same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk.

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Served as the sacred place of their chief god, where only their priest were allowed to enter.

The temple showcases the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture and the remarkable technology used to build it. Until today, people still enjoy the marvel of the preserved Ziggurat of Ur. ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

ANCIENT TIMES – SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫ ⚫

And their desire for great things. They are not contented with the basic things life can offer.

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Their desire pushed them to develop many things connected with S and T. CUNEIFORM- one of the major contributions of the Sumerians is the development of the first writing system.

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IRRIGATION AND DIKES- Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers.

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This method was considered as one of the world’s most BENEFICIAL ENGINEERING works.

SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE) SAILBOATS- at that time the wheel was not yet invented; the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

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Boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances.

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Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as in fostering culture, information, and technology.

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WHEEL- the first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes.

With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

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Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time.

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THE PLOW- this enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted in a faster pace. As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and the farm work would be already done.

With this, farmers could cultivate larger parcel of lands faster, enabling them to mass produce food without taking so much effort and time. ANCIENT TIMES- SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

ANCIENT TIMES- BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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Babylonians were great builders, engineers and architects.

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HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON A structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens that contained several species of plants, tress and vines.

Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of the famous HGB from stories and paintings because no physical evidence has been found to prove the existence. ANCIENT TIMES- BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

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Its exact location is unknown. Since time immemorial, people have been debating about the existence of the mythical place.

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Many said it was just a product of the creative imagination of the great King because it lacked documentation or archaeological evidence.

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Or if it really existed, must have been destroyed by war, erosion, or an earthquake. If the stories were true, the HGB may be considered one of the greates engineering and architectural achievements of the world that is almost impossible to replicate.

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ROADS- to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads.

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The invention of roads was very useful especially during the rainy season when traveling in soft and muddy roads proved to be too difficult.

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SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE)

ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION  Another early civilization famous for its legacy located in North Africa. It is thus safe to say that the pyramids are not the only contribution to the modern world but many more….  PAPER OR PAPYRUS- although Egypt was not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make writing easier for the world. ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION  Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly along the Nile river. They were able to process the plant in order to produce thin sheets on which one could write down things.  Since papyrus was lighter and thinner than clay tablets, it was easy to carry and store.  The sheets were also less breakable as compared to clay tablets. ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

INK- Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of different colors.

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It was tamper-proof so that people could not simply tinker with those written down. HIEROGLYPHICS- a system of writing using symbols.

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They believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods and can still be seen today and remains to be as famous as the pyramids where they were found.

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COSMETICS- function in ancient Egypt was for both health and aesthetic reasons.

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Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases.

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They also believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness.

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At present, the cosmetic industry is a booming multibillion industry.

ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

WIG- are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or those who want to try new hair trends.

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During the Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.

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Wigs were used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.

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Considered cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of head lice.

ANCIENT TIMES- EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE) ⚫

WATER CLOCK/ CLEPSYDRA- this device utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. In the process, time is measured.

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Used as a timekeeping devise during the AT.

ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION ⚫

Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.

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Some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics.

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More than the coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to S and T.

ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION ⚫

WATER MILL- used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary form of food processing during that time.

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Watermills were considered better than mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort and time to operate since farmer did not have to raise animals.

They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a large wheel with small BUCKETS of water attached to it could be installed. ANCIENT TIMES- GREEK CIVILIZATION ⚫ ALARM CLOCK- one of the most utilized gadgets today that was invented by the ancient Greeks. The purpose was just the same with the alarm clock of the modern times---to tell an individual when to stop or when to start. ⚫

ANCIENT TIMES – ROMAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.

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It was considered to be the CRADLE OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE during that period.

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Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws.

NEWSPAPER – the first newspapers, known as GAZETTES, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. ANCIENT TIMES – ROMAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

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This way, the Romans enjoyed easy access to government information the same way we benefit from present day newspapers.

BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX- Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy much space. The civilization became fond of record-keeping, events and newly legislated laws. ANCIENT TIMES- ROMAN CIVILIZATION ⚫

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ROMAN ARCHITECTURE- one of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world.

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A continuation of the Greek architecture, hence the

SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE) resemblance. ROMAN NUMERALS- Romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communications and trade concerns. ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION

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GUNPOWDER- originally it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve IMMORTALITY.

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He mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate ,

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CHINESE CIVILIZATION – is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia if not the world.

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Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located far east of Asia.

SILK- is produced by silk worms, but Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION ⚫

ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION ⚫

But instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate a large amounts of heat and gas in an instant.

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Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless deaths.

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On the other hand, gunpowder is also used in fireworks during important celebrations in China.

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The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic and scientific exchanges.

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It bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom.

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TEA PRODUCTION- a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.

The start of the middle ages was marred by massive, invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time.

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Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.

⚫ China was for its tea production aside from its silk . ANCIENT TIMES- CHINESE CIVILIZATION ⚫

GREAT WALL OF CHINA- once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from the outer space.

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It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of china.

MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES

PRINTING PRESS- after the Chinese developed woodblock printing, JOHANN GUTENBERG was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a CAST TYPE. MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES ⚫

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This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which was eventually used all over the world.

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The printing press was invented to address the need for

SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE) with the protection of walls and fortresses.

publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. ⚫

This invention also made works accessible to individuals who could not even write.

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MICROSCOPE- a devise that could magnify things invisible to the eye. Guided by the principles used for the invention of the eyeglasses in earlier years, ZACHARIAS JANSSEN was able to develop the first compound microscope.

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With the microscope, people were able to observe organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye.

It was the key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illnesses. MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES ⚫

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TELESCOPE- an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time.

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Together with the telescope, the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea traveling easier and safer.

MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES ⚫

WAR WEAPONS- since wars were widespread during the Middle Ages, great development in the weaponry technology also occurred.

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All sides must develop weapons not only as offensive tools but also as defensive instruments.

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For open area battles – cross bows and long bows so that they could attack enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe

In close-range hand –to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of IRON BODY ARMORS. However, the body armors were heavy and limited their movements. The problem was eventually solved by the invention of the CHAINMAIL.

MODERN TIMES ⚫

th The booming world population during the 19 century onward demanded the more goods be produced at a faster rate.

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People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance.

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Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded.

Faster and easier means of communication and compute should be developed to established connections between nations. MODERN TIMES ⚫

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All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems.

SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY (STS): DR. ARLEEN CARLOS-MOLATO & PROF. MARIA TERESA B. DELERA (MODULE) ⚫

PASTEURIZATION- the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.

Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria. MODERN TIMES

equations. ⚫

Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis.

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It also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like the computer.

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LOUIS PASTEUR, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, invented PASTEURIZATION.

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PETROLEUM REFINERY- the mode...