NCM 100 - 3 Units PDF

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NCM 1 10000- Lectu Lecture re (3 units nits)) Foundation of Nursing Course Description: The The course course provides provides the the student studentss with with the the overview overview of of nursing nursing as as aa profession, profession, science, science, & & as as an art. It shall include a discuss ion ion on on the the different different roles roles of of aa nurse nurse emphasizing emphasizing on on health health promotion, promotion, illness illness prevention prevention & & utilizing utilizing the the nursing nursing process process as as aa basis basis for nursing practice. Three Main Topics I. II. III.

Nursing Nursing as as aa Profession Profession Nursing as a Science Nursing as an Art

Nursing as a Profession Definition of Nursing: ItItisisaacaring caringprofession. profession.AAunique uniqueprofession, profession,ititisispracticed practicedwith withan anearnest earnestconcern concernfor forthe theart artofofcare care&&the the science of health. The Theprofession professioninvolves involvesaahumanistic humanisticblend blendof ofscientific scientificknowledge, knowledge,&&holistic holisticnursing nursingpractice. practice. Definition of Nursing The art & science by which people people are are assisted assisted in in learning learning to to care care for for themselves themselves whenever whenever possible possible & & cared cared for for by by others others when when they they are are unable unable to to meet meet their their own own needs. needs. Florence Florence Nightingale Nightingale (1860). (1860). The The act act of of utilizing utilizing the the environment environment of of the the patients patients to to assist assist him him in in his his recovery. recovery. 

Definition of Nursing 

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Virginia Virginia Henderson Henderson (1960). (1960). The The unique unique function function of of the the nurse nurse is is to to assist assist the the individual, individual, sick sick or or well, well, in in the the perfo perfo rmance rmance of of those those activities activities  contributing to health or its recovery ( or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary necessary strength, strength, will, will, or or knowledge, knowledge, & & to to do do this this in such a way a ss to to help help him him gain gain independence independence as as rapidly rapidly as as possible. Virginia Virginia Henderson Henderson (1960). (1960). The The unique unique function function of of the the nurse nurse is is to to assist assist the the individual, individual, sick sick or or well, well, in in the the perfo perfo rmance rmance of of those those activities activities  contributing to health or its recovery ( or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary necessary strength, strength, will, will, or or knowledge, knowledge, & & to to do do this this in such a way a ss to to help help him him gain gain independence independence as as rapidly rapidly as as possible. Orem A A helping or or assisting assisting service service to persons who are wholly or partly dependent- infants, children, & adults- when  they, they, their their parents parents & & guardians, guardians, or or other other adults adults res res ponsible ponsible for for their their care care are are no no longer longer able to give or supervise their care. American American Nurses Nurses Association Association (ANA;1980) (ANA;1980)  The The diagnosis diagnosis and and treatment treatment of of human human responses responses to to actual actual & & potential potential health health problems. problems. Canadian Nurses Asso ciation (CAN;1984) The Theidentification identification&&treatment treatmentof ofhuman humanresponses responsesto toactual actual&&pote pote ntial ntial health health problems problems & & includes includes the the practice practice of of  & & supervision supervision of of functions functions & & se services rvicesthat that directly directly or or indirectly indirectly in in collaboration collaboration with with client client or or providers providersof of health care care other other than than nurses, nurses, have have as as the the ir r objectives objectives the the promotion promotion of of health, health, prevention prevention of of illness, illness, alleviation alleviation of of suffering, suffering,restoration restorationof ofhealth health&&optimum optimumdevelopment developmentof ofhealth healthpotential potential&&includes includesall allaspects aspectsof oftt he nursing process.

Nursing 

Is Is aa profession profession that that ss erves the need of so ciety, ciety, in in the the area area of of health. health. The The practice practice of of nursing addresses a wide range range of of health health problems, problems, both both actual actual & & potential, potential, requiring requiring of of its its practitioners practitioners aa special special body body of of knowledge knowledge including ncluding skills skills to to meet meet client client needs needs & & aa value value sys sys tem tem that that recognizes recognizes the the client client as as autonom autonom ous human being with with rights.

Definition of Nursing 

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Virginia Virginia Henderson Henderson (1960). (1960). The The unique unique function function of of the the nurse nurse is is to to assist assist the the individual, individual, sick sick or or well, well, in in the the perfo perfo rmance rmance of of those those activities activities  contributing to health or its recovery ( or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary necessary strength, strength, will, will, or or knowledge, knowledge, & & to to do do this this in such a way a ss to to help help him him gain gain independence independence as as rapidly rapidly as as possible. Virginia Virginia Henderson Henderson (1960). (1960). The The unique unique function function of of the the nurse nurse is is to to assist assist the the individual, individual, sick sick or or well, well, in in the the perfo perfo rmance rmance of of those those activities activities  contributing to health or its recovery ( or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary necessary strength, strength, will, will, or or knowledge, knowledge, & & to to do do this this in such a way a ss to to help help him him gain gain independence independence as as rapidly rapidly as as possible. Orem A A helping or or assisting assisting service service to persons who are wholly or partly dependent- infants, children, & adults- when  they, they, their their parents parents & & guardians, guardians, or or other other adults adults res res ponsible ponsible for for their their care care are are no no longer longer able to give or supervise their care. American American Nurses Nurses Association Association (ANA;1980) (ANA;1980)  The The diagnosis diagnosis and and treatment treatment of of human human responses responses to to actual actual & & potential potential health health problems. problems. Canadian Nurses Asso ciation (CAN;1984) The Theidentification identification&&treatment treatmentof ofhuman humanresponses responsesto toactual actual&&pote pote ntial ntial health health problems problems & & includes includes the the practice practice of of  & & supervision supervision of of functions functions & & se services rvicesthat that directly directly or or indirectly indirectly in in collaboration collaboration with with client client or or providers providersof of health care care other other than than nurses, nurses, have have as as the the ir r objectives objectives the the promotion promotion of of health, health, prevention prevention of of illness, illness, alleviation alleviation of of suffering, suffering,restoration restorationof ofhealth health&&optimum optimumdevelopment developmentof ofhealth healthpotential potential&&includes includesall allaspects aspectsof oftt he nursing process.

Nursing 

Is Is aa profession profession that that ss erves the need of so ciety, ciety, in in the the area area of of health. health. The The practice practice of of nursing addresses a wide range range of of health health problems, problems, both both actual actual & & potential, potential, requiring requiring of of its its practitioners practitioners aa special special body body of of knowledge knowledge including ncluding skills skills to to meet meet client client needs needs & & aa value value sys sys tem tem that that recognizes recognizes the the client client as as autonom autonom ous human being with with rights.

The The Philippine Philippine Nursing Nursing Act Act Professional ProfessionalNursing Nursingasasthe theperformance performancefor foraafee, fee,salary salaryororother otherreward rewardororcompensation compensationofofprofessional professional nursing nursingservices servicesto toindividuals, individuals,families, families,communities communitiesininvarious variousstages stagesof ofdevelopment developmenttoward towardthe thepromotion promotionof of illness, illness, restoration restoration of of health, health, && alleviation alleviation of of suffering suffering through: through: Professional ProfessionalNursing Nursingasasthe theperformance performancefor foraafee, fee,salary salaryororother otherreward rewardororcompensation compensationofofprofessional professional  nursing nursingservices servicesto toindividuals, individuals,families, families,communities communitiesininvarious variousstages stagesof ofdevelopment developmenttoward towardthe thepromotion promotionof of llness, illness,restoration restorationof ofhealth, health,&&alleviation alleviationof ofsuffering sufferingthrough: through:communities communities&&the thelike likesettings: settings:Undertaking Undertaking consultation consultationservices services&&engaging engagingin insuch suchother otheractivities activitiesthat thatrequire requirethe theuse useof of knowledge & decision-making skill of a registered nurse. Utilization of the nursing process. 1. Establishment Establishmentof ofconnection connectionwith withcommunity communityresources resources&&coordination coordinationof ofthe theheath heathteam. team. 2. Motivation Motivationofofindividuals, individuals,families, families,&&communities communities&&coordination coordinationofofservices serviceswith withother othermembers membersofofthe thehe he alth 3. team. 4. Participation in teaching, guidance & supervision of st udents udents in in nursing nursing education education programs programs as as well well as as administering administeringof ofnursing nursingservices servicesin invaried variedsettings settingssuch suchas ashomes homes , hospitals, Undertaking Undertaking nursing nursing &&health health manpower manpowerdevelopment development training training &&research research && soliciting soliciting finances, finances, therefore, therefore, in in 5. cooperation cooperation with with the the appropriate appropriate government government & & private private agencies. Concepts Concepts of of Profession Profession 

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Is Is aa calling, calling, an an occupation occupation that that requires requires special special knowledge, knowledge, skill skill && preparation. preparation. A A profession profession isis generally generally distinguished distinguished from from other other kinds kinds of of oo ccupation ccupation by: by: a) a) its its requirement requirement of of prolonged, prolonged, especialized training trainingto to acquire acquireaabody bodyof of knowledge knowledgepertinent pertinentto tothe the role roleto tobe beperformed; performed;b) b) an anorientation orientationof of the the individual individual toward toward service, service, either either to to aa community community or or team team organizat organizat ion.

History of Nursing FOUR

GREAT PERIODS IN NURSING:

1. INTUIT IVE:UNTAU GHT,INSTINCTIVE . It dated from prehistoric times; was practiced among primitive tribes and lasted through the Christian era. It was performed out of feeling of co mpassion for others, out of desires to help and out of a wish to do good. 2.A PPRENTICE:

on -the-job training, without formal e ducatio n. It extends from th e fou ndin g of r eli gious nursi ng orders i n the 6 th century, through the Crusades which means bean in the 11th century, to 1836 . 3. ED UCAT ED: June 1860 when Nightingale School of Nursing opened in London. Forma educ ation for nu rses. 4. CO NTE MPORARY : Began at the end of World War II. INTUITIVE: Refe rence to nu rsin g was mothe r role be ca us e pr e-histor ic man was a nomad who ha d to search for food an d shelter. Philosophy then was self-preservation  Caus e of ill ness was invasi on of victims body by an evilspirit  Trephin e is d rilling a hole i n the skul l with a rock or stone to remove the e vil spirit witho ut the b enefit of  anesthesia Shaman or witch d octor  had the power to h eal by u sing whit e ma gi c, b ut he als o had the abilityto in fl ic t  greater harm through blac k magic. Nurses role: instinctive  directed towards comforting, practicing midwifery and bein g wet nurse to a child  without training or direction. Near East: A. Babylonia  

King Hammurabi  codified Babylonian Laws Code of Hammurabi  medical regulations established. Discouraged experimentation, designed doctors for each diseases, and patients were given the choice between the use of charms and medicine or surgery and cure of his disease.

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Ancient Civilization: The evolution dated back to 400 BC to primitive so cieties in which mother nurse worked with the priest. In 200 BC , the use of wet nurses is recorded in Babylonia. During this time, beliefs about the cause of diseas e were embedded in superstitions & magic, caused by angry spirit(demons) Treatment : exorcism, drugs obtained from plants, fruits, animals.

B. Egypt: Herodotus Time: 485  425 B.C., neurosurgery was advanced. Imhotep  Chief physician and advisor to Pharaoh, contributions in architecture, care of the sick and formulated wise  proverbs.  Greeks believed in life after death Developed the ability to make clinical observation  Healthiest of all countries because o f Hygiene principles  Exhibited careful planning to meet certain community needs and avert public health problems.   Art of Embalming  for human anatomy but since done on dead, they learn nothing in physiology. C. Hebrew:       

Leviticus: Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases Judaic Covenant with God directing the ritual of circumcision of the male child on the 8th day. Mosaic Code  Physical purity is equivalent to moral purity Reference to nurses are midwives and wet nurses Music Therapy: David played the harp for King Saul when depressed Aaron  The High Priest as physician of the people Moses  father of sanitation

Far East A. China: Belief in spirits and demons  Practice of ancestor worship prohibiting dissection of human body  Materia Medica (Pharmacology)  52 vol umes of Chinese Medicine  Huae To  exponent of acupuncture   Emperor Shen Nung  father of Chinese Medicine Diagnosis was made on the basis of the Pulse Theory  Yang and Yin Theory  established some scienti fic basis for disease   Yang (Male principle)  positive, active, fiery and full of life Yin (Female Principle)  negative, cold, weak, dark, an lifeless  B. India:      

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Built hospitals, practiced asepsis Proficient in medicine and surgery First reference to nurses taking care of the sick Writings of Sushurutu  found a list of functions and qualifications of the nurses Medical practice declined with the fall of Buddhism Diet was according to patients condition

India Early hospitals were staffed by male nurses who were required to meet 4 qualifications: Knowledge of drugs  Cleverness  Devotedness to patient  Purity of mind & body. 

C. Greece:    

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1. 2.

Nursing was the task of untrained slave. Caduceus  insignia of the medical profession, associated with Aesculapius father of Medicine i n Greek Myth Hippocrates  Father of Medicine Practices that brought about cure were rest, wholeso me food, physiotherapy fresh air, sunshine

Greek medicine Two kinds of refuges for the sick: Secular- directed by physicians. Which corresponds roughly to our spas or health resorts of today. Religious institutions-governed by priests. Prietesses attended to patients who were housed in the temple.

They were known for their practice of gods & goddesses. Apollo- of health; Ae sculapius god of healing Hygeia- goddes of health.  D. Rome( early Christian church & hospital) 

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Illness was a sign of weakness Sick was left to care of slaves Evidence of specialization Translation of Greek medical terms to Latin Celsius  his concept of cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelli ng, heat, pain Christianity  value life and equality a. b.

Phoebe  first visiting nurse Fabiola  her home was the first hospital in the Christian World

APPRENTICE:  

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Medicine in Eu rope was under two in fluences  lay medicin e and eccl esiastical medicin e Du ring the mi dd le age s, thousan ds of years after the d eath of Chri st, three o rgani zations were deve lope d  military orde rs, regular vows (with vows) and the secular orders (without vows) Nursing care performed by people who are dir ected by more experienced nurs es

Europe: A. Crusades: (began before 1100-1300  Military religious orders founded during the Crus ades. Established hospitals and staffed them with men who served as nurses. B. Military Orders (Knight Hospitaliers) Knights of St. John  established organization of rank and the principles of complete and  unquestioned devotion of duty  Teutonic Knights  German equivalent of St. John Knight of St. Lazarus  for lepers  Alexian Brothers  one of the largest school of nursing under religious auspices operated exclusively  for men in the US. C. Secular Orders  the work of these nurses was complicated by religious taboos and the social restrictions of their cultures and education Augustinian Sisters  Third Order of St. Francis  Order of St. Vincent de Paul  Ladies of Charity  

Benedictines

Order nuns prayed with and took care of patient; younger ones washed soiled linens

D. Regular Orders: These religious orders gave rise t o nursing saints: 1. St. Catherine of Siena  Original Lady with a Lamp 2. St. Hildegarde  prescribed cures and was supp osed to have performed miracles 3. St. Elizabeth of Hungary Patroness of Nurses Care of the sick were performed mainly by volunteers who devoted themselves to nursing.  14-15-17 th century the period of great revival of learning. Forerunners of the great development during this period were: Leonardo da Vinci- anatomical studies, described muscle & arteries. Andreas Vesalius- described human anatomy. William Harvey- discovered how blood circulates.

Renaissance :     

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Ambroise Pare- surgeon, develop ed principles of surgery. During this period, nursing reached a high level of organiza tion & efficiency with religious & military orders. Because of renewed interest in science, universities were established, but no formal nursing schools were founded. Women continued to fullfill the traditional role of nurturer & caregiver in the home. R eformation

(1600) religious movement that aimed in reforming the Roman catholic church & resulted in establishing the Protestant Churches. Religious upheaval of the 16 th century which destroyed the unity of Christian faith in Europe Transition from medieval to modern civilization which left the world with the following:  a. Economic changes b. political changes c. cultural chang...