Neuroscience 6e Ch12 Test Bank PDF

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Test Bank to accompany Neuroscience, Sixth Edition Pe  Agie  Fiaick  Hall  LaMaia  Me  Pla  Whie

Chapter 12: Central Visual Pathways Multiple Choice 1. Ganglion cell axons cross at the _______, thus the _______ contains information from both eyes. a. optic radiation; optic tract b. optic chiasm; optic nerve c. optic chiasm; optic tract d. optic tract; optic chiasm e. optic tract; optic nerve Answer: c Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 2. What percentage of ganglion cell axons do not cross at the optic chiasm? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 50% e. 65% Answer: c Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 1. Remembering 3. A man is brought to the emergency room after a car crash. A doctor shines a light in his right eye and only the right pupil constricts. Which of the following regions is most likely damaged? a. Primary visual cortex b. Edinger-Westphal nucleus c. Lateral geniculate nucleus d. Internal capsule e. Striate cortex Answer: b Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 3. Applying 4. Which region is not a target of retinal ganglion cell axons? a. Pretectum b. Superior colliculus

c. Suprachiasmatic nucleus d. Striate Cortex e. Lateral geniculate nucleus Answer: d Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 5. A common genetic mutation causes a decrease in the crossing of the nerves at the optic chiasm in cats. These cats are still able to function normally by crossing their eyes. Why do they have to make this behavioral change? a. To better see objects in motion b. To regain their central vision c. To regain binocular vision d. To increase visual acuity e. To regain their peripheral vision Answer: e Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 3. Applying 6. A researcher interested in studying how the brain adapts to complete loss of the right visual field should lesion which region to create an animal model of this anopsia? a. Left optic tract b. Left optic radiation c. Left optic nerve d. Right optic tract e. Right optic radiation Answer: a Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 3. Applying 7. What is the name for the optic radiations that run through the temporal lobe on the way to the striate cortex? a. Anopsias b. Mee loop c. Pretectum d. Bda Aea 17 e. Superior colliculus Answer: b Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 1. Remembering 8. How are ganglion cells that project to the hypothalamus different than other ganglion cells? a. They do not cross at the optic chiasm. b. They rely on rods and cones for light sensitivity. c. They can modulate responses to light using their own photopigment.

d. They form connections with bipolar cells in the retina. e. Their input is modified by interneurons. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Functionally Distinct Types of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 9. An object located in the superior, temporal quadrant of the visual field would be mapped on which quadrant of the retina? a. Inferior, nasal b. Inferior, temporal c. Superior, nasal d. Superior, temporal e. Nasal, temporal Answer: a Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 10. The most anterior portions of the striate cortex correspond to which part of the visual field? a. Macular b. Binocular c. Superior d. Temporal e. Monocular Answer: e Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 11. Damage to the striate cortex below the calcarine sulcus would result in difficulty processing information from which visual field? a. Inferior b. Nasal c. Superior d. Temporal e. Monocular Answer: c Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field Bl Leel: 3. Applying 12. How does the shape of the face affect binocular vision? a. It restricts the upper visual field. b. It reflects light into the eyes. c. It enhances peripheral vision. d. It restricts the lower visual field. e. It enhances the nasal visual field. Answer: d

Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 13. Neurons in the visual cortex respond to which type of stimulus? a. Changes in luminance b. Bars or edges in a particular orientation c. Light-dark spots d. Complex and irregular shapes e. Light-dark curves Answer: b Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Bl Leel: 1. Remembering 14. If a monkey is presented with an image of a train, neurons specific for which orientation would fire vigorously in V1? a. Left to right diagonal b. Right to left diagonal c. Vertical d. Horizontal e. Parallel Answer: d Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Bl Leel: 3. Applying 15. As a stimulus rotates, neurons in the visual cortex increase and decrease their firing. When a specific neuron reaches peak firing, the stimulus must be in which type of orientation for that neuron? a. Horizontal b. Preferred c. Vertical d. Particular e. Diagonal Answer: b Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Bl Leel: 3. Applying 16. Cortical neurons are not tuned to which property of a stimulus? a. Speed b. Bars or edges in a particular orientation c. Temporal frequency d. Direction of motion e. Coarseness of variations in contrast Answer: a

Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 17. Pyramidal neurons use _______ as a neurotransmitter and smooth dendritic neurons use _______ as a neurotransmitter in the visual cortex. a. GABA; dopamine b. glutamate; dopamine c. GABA; glutamate d. dopamine; GABA e. glutamate; GABA Answer: e Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 18. Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) terminate in which layers of the primary visual cortex? a. 2 and 3 b. 4A and 6 c. 4A and 4C d. 4C and 5 e. 5 and 6 Answer: c Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 19. A scientist adds a retrograde marker to the neurons in the superior colliculus of a monkey. The marker labels cell bodies. In which layer of the visual cortex would the scientist expect to find the marker? a. 1 b. 4A c. 4C d. 5 e. 6 Answer: d Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture Bl Leel: 4. Analyzing 20. Which layer of the striate cortex remains monocular? a. 1 b. 2/3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 6 Answer: c Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes

Bl Leel: 1. Remembering 21. Monocular axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) terminate in layer 4 to create which type of organization? a. Ocular dominance columns b. Monocular rows c. Monocular columns d. Ocular dominance rows e. Binocular columns Answer: a Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes Bl Leel: 1. Remembering 22. A monkey born with a damaged retina does not receive input from his left eye. Which normal function of vision will the monkey be missing? a. Diplopia b. Stereopsis c. Strabismus d. Hemianopsia e. Color vision Answer: b Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes Bl Leel: 3. Applying 23. Which statement about P ganglion cells as compared to M ganglion cells is true? a. They have larger receptive fields. b. They have larger diameter axons. c. They have more extensive dendritic fields. d. They have smaller cell bodies. e. They have faster conduction velocities. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway Bl Leel: 2. Understanding 24. A scientist is able to selectively damage the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) that terminate in lae 4C f he isual cortex in a monkey. Which task will the monkey struggle with the most? a. Recognizing faces b. Determining when a red signal turns green c. Identifying a novel object d. Picking out a blue marble from a bowl of black and white marbles e. Tracking a fellow monkey running in a field Answer: e Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway Bl Leel: 3. Applying

25. The koniocellular pathway terminates in what layer of the V1? a. 1 b. 2/3 c. 4C d. 5 e. 6 Answer: b Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway Bl Leel: 1. Remembering 26. The visual area that is located most anteriorly in the human brain is area a. MT. b. VP. c. V2. d. V1. e. V3. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas Bl Leel: 1. Remembering 27. After a car accident, a man reports that he has lost his color vision. It is determined that his retina is still functioning normally even though he now sees in shades of gray. He most likely has sustained damage to area a. MT. b. VP. c. V2. d. V1. e. V4. Answer: e Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas Bl Leel: 3. Applying 28. A a ha ble deeiig he  liel a hell  ele alkig a him on a sidewalk. He notices people in the distance, but he d ee  be geig closer. When he decides to a hell, he ealie he e ha alead aed hi. What would be a plausible diagnosis for this man? a. Homonymous quadrantanopsia b. Cerebral akinetopsia c. Hemianopsia d. Cerebral achromatopsia e. Macular sparing Answer: b Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas Bl Leel: 4. Analyzing 29. A monkey with damage to the ventral stream will have the most trouble with which

task? a. Determining when a blue signal turns white b. Analyzing the speed of a moving target c. Recognizing a familiar face d. Determining distances between objects e. Following the movement of a stimulus Answer: c Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas Bl Leel: 4. Analyzing

Short Answer 1. What percentage of the axons in the optic nerve cross at the optic chiasm? Answer: In humans, approximately 60% of axons cross at the optic chiasm. Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 1. Reebeig 2. The retina sends information to the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus for pattern vision. List three other targets of retinal ganglion cells, and indicate what each target is specialized for. Answer: Retinal ganglion cells project to the pretectum for the pupillary light reflex, the suprachiasmatic nucleus for the retinohypothalamic pathway, and the superior colliculus for coordinating head and eye movements to visual targets. Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 3. Alig 3. If the right visual cortex stops functioning, what part of the visual field will be lost? Answer: The right visual cortex receives input from the left visual field, thus the left visual field will be lost. Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Visual Field Deficits Bl Leel: 3. Applying 4. What part of the retina has the largest proportional representation? Answer: The macula has the largest proportional representation in the occipital lobe. This is known as cortical magnification. Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Visual Field Deficits Bl Leel: 1. Reebeig 5. Is the world mapped upside down on the retina? On V1? Answer: The world is mapped upside-down and left-right reversed on the retina. The world is also mapped upside-down on V1, with the upper visual field being mapped below the calcarine sulcus and the lower visual field being mapped above it. Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig

6. Explain how Hubel and Wiesel mapped visual receptive fields. How do receptive field characteristics of neurons in V1 compare with those in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus? Answer: Hubel and Wiesel mapped visual receptive fields in anesthetized animals by recording individual neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the cortex during retinal stimulation. Neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus were selective for luminance increases and decreases with center-surround receptive field organization like the retina. The V1 cortex selectively responded to bars or edges with specific orientation. Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Bl Level: 3. Applying 7. Are binocular neurons found in the lateral geniculate nucleus? Are they found in layer IV of the primary visual cortex? Where does input from both eyes first converge? Answer: There are only monocular neurons found in the lateral geniculate nucleus and in layer 4 of the primary visual cortex. Input from both eyes first coverages in the other layers of the primary visual cortex. Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig 8. What are ocular dominance columns? Answer: Ocular dominance columns are axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus that terminate in cortical layer 4 and are segregated by left eye and right eye signaling. Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes Bl Leel: 1. Remembering 9. Name or briefly describe two lines of evidence that suggest that the magnocellular and parvocellular streams are two parallel anatomical pathways with functionally distinct characteristics. Answer: Evidence from cortical lesions and differences in electrophysiological response properties suggest two parallel anatomical pathways that analyze different aspects of visual stimuli. Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway Bl Leel: 3. Alig 10. What are the functions of the extrastriate areas MT and V4? What symptoms would result from selective damage to each of these areas? Answer: MT is selective to properties of motion, whereas V4 is selective to the color of a visual stimulus. Damage to the MT would result in difficulty perceiving direction and speed of movement, and damage to V4 would result in the loss of color vision. Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas Bl Leel: 3. Alig

Multiple Chioce from Dashboard Quiz

1. The retinal information that axons carry through the left internal capsule to visual cortex a. comes from the left eye only. b. comes from the right eye only. c. is 90% from the left eye. d. is 90% from the right eye. e. is a roughly 60/40 split of information from the two eyes. Answer: e Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig 2. In the pupillary light reflex of a healthy individual, a. the reflex is elicited only by simultaneous photic stimulation of both eyes. b. light falling on the left eye will cause only left pupil constriction. c. light falling on the right eye will cause only left pupil constriction. d. light falling on one eye will cause both pupils to constrict equally. e. light falling on the left eye will cause both pupils to constrict, but the left will constrict about twice as much as the right. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 3. Alig 3. Retinal axons project to the a. thalamus. b. hypothalamus. c. superior colliculus. d. pretectum. e. All of the above Answer: e Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells Bl Leel: 1. Reebeig 4. Macular sparing a. is associated exclusively with cortical damage. b. results only from bilateral damage to the optic tracts. c. results only from bilateral damage to the optic nerves. d. is a transient phenomenon that precedes total blindness. e. is a selective preservation of vision, the basis of which is unknown. Answer: e Textbook Reference: Clinical Application: Visual Field Deficits Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig 5. A contralateral visual field deficit is a. found only in association with scotomas. b. often due to optic tract or cortical damage. c. found only with damage to the LGN.

d. indicative of a pituitary tumor. e. caused by damage to just one optic nerve. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Visual Field Deficits Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig 6. Refer to the figure.

Damage to the left optic nerve would result in which type of visual field deficit? a. a b. b c. c d. d

e. e Answer: b Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Visual Field Deficits Bl Leel: 4. Aalig 7. The strictly monocular portion of the visual field is represented exclusively by which region of the retina? a. Superior b. Inferior c. Nasal d. Temporal e. Fovea Answer: c Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field Bl Leel: 1. Reebeig 8. Which feature is not a characteristic of certain primary visual cortex neurons? a. Sensitivity to edges b. Preference for a specific orientation c. Rate of change in contrast d. Preference for a specific direction of motion e. Recognition of faces Answer: e Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig 9. Refer to the figure.

The figure shows the results of an experiment in which an animal is presented with visual stimuli, and recordings are taken simultaneously from the CNS. Given the stimuli and the observed recordings, where must the activated neurons be located? a. Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus b. Optic tract c. Primary visual cortex d. Fusiform gyrus e. Retinal ganglion cell Answer: c Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex Bl Leel: 3. Alig 10. Which statement about the primary visual cortex is false? a. Each of the six layers has distinct cell types that send projections both within cortical columns and to structures outside of cortex. b. Pyramidal cells are the principal projection neurons of visual cortex. c. Layer 4C is dominated by spiny stellate cells. d. The upper layers (layers 2 and 3) project to layer 5. e. The lower layers (layers 5 and 6) project to the brainstem and thalamus. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture

Bl Leel: 3. Alig 11. In which structure would a visuotopically organized, alternating (left/right) pattern of monocular responsiveness be found? a. Layers 2 and 3 of LGN b. Layer 4 of LGN c. Layer 2/3 of visual cortex d. Layer 4 of visual cortex e. All layers of visual cortex Answer: d Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig 12. In the upper layers (2 and 3) of primary visual cortex, a lateral sampling of pyramidal cell responses would reveal a. alternating bands of monocular columns (left eye only/right eye only). b. a population of binocular cells that respond equally well to both eyes. c. a roughly sinusoidal pattern of ocular dominance moving from left dominance, through equal responsiveness, to right dominance, and then back. d. only color-sensitive cells. e. only orientation-selective cells. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig 13. Near and far cells are distinct from other pyramidal cells in terms of their sensitivity to a. motion. b. edges. c. monocularity. d. binocular disparity. e. oscillating luminance. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes Bl Leel: 1. Reebeig 14. For which task would near and far cells help the viewer extract relevant information? a. Deciphering a random dot stereogram b. A color blindness test c. Compensating for near-sightedness and far-sightedness d. Perceiving color as objects moved closer e. Rapidly detecting objects moving in the visual periphery Answer: a Textbook Reference: Box 12A: Random Dot Stereograms and Related Amusements Bl Leel: 2. Udeadig

15. Which statement about the lateral geniculate nuclei is false? a. Each lateral geniculate nucleus receives light from both the left and right eyes. b. The alternating layer...