Notes: Psych 4644 Lectures 1-2 : Quiz 1 Review PDF

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Notes: Psych 4644 Lectures 1-2 / Quiz 1 Review Lecture 1

Note: §/£ = SE: Semantic Encoding (Written attempts to help remember details more easily; e.g. mnemonics, memory palaces (method of loci); pay attention to BUI and capital letters. Frank Beach — Father of behavioral endocrinology, published the book Hormones and Behavior, studied the results of cortical lesions on sexual behavior in male rats a d the injection of testosterone to replace lost sexual behavior, and found an indirect link between the brain and the endocrine system, 1911-1988 Aristotle's role in endocrinology — recognized the role of castration in the development of male secondary sex characteristics( beyond genitals, primary), particularly in the case of birds. Noted a distinct difference between mutilation performed in early childhood versus adulthood. 350 BC a=ornitho;ogy and he variations that edxosy within this time frame,. Ixdk ) Eunuchs — males castrated before puberty, which created emasculated men that were used by royalty to protect women without the fear of their sexual desire getting in the way, (understood) What are the 3 types of responses — Very-X-So—MucH (Visceromotor, Somatic Motor, or Humoral) ● Visceromotor response - adjusts the balance of sympathetic / parasympathetic nervous system. ● Humoral Response - stimulates or inhibits the release of pituitary hormones into bloodstream ● Somatic motor response - elicit somatic motor behavior responses (shivering, drinking, eating) castration — cutting off a maleʼs testicles and in some cases their penis. Done in early childhood for religious or political purposes, if it is done after puberty it is usually performed as a punishment . If performed before puberty, secondary male sex characteristics do not form, such as facial hair and a lower voice, but if done after puberty there will be no significant effect on the development of those secondary sex characteristics ● Castrati — young boys with exceptional singing voices that are castrated in order to preserve their voice ● Hijras of India — castrated male who traditionally is used to sing and dance at at weddings and ceremonies associated with the birth of a male child. Some hijras were castrated due to atypical genitalia development or ambiguous

genitalia. Most common use is a 'bad luck' magnet, where people can hire them to absorb all bad luck that may occur at an important event. They have the right in India to indicate their gender as 'other' on any official government form, such as voting or a drivers license, although they are banned from inheritance, marriage, and children. Typically unpopular in Indian culture. Arnold Adolph Berthold — published the first formal experiment in endocrinology, referred to as Berthold's experiments Berthold's experiments — Castration experiments done on male chicks to see the effects of removing the testes and the development of rooster characteristics. If a male chick does not develop rooster qualities, it is considered a capon. There were 3 groups of chicks: group 1 had total castration prior to puberty. Group 1 chicks developed into capons, with no sexual tendencies and no aggression towards other males. ● Group 2 was castrated but then had their testes reinserted into their guts. These chicks developed into roosters with normal male behavior. Group 3 was castrated and then the testes were mixed between chicks so every chick had transplanted testes from a different chick. Group 3 had normal male development into roosters. Berthold drew 3 major conclusions: (§BER-THOLD) 1) the testes are transplantable organs (§ Bullocks Emigrate Reliably) 2.) Transplanted testes can function and produce sperm, (§Trans-Testes Harvest (as God knits us in the womb;ʼ cf. Psalm 139f13) 3) there are no neural components that affect testicular function (not based on a neural argument or claim, therefore he concludes there must be a secretory blood-borne product that accounts for male development.); (§Own-ly Loci in Development) -> OLd; ● Hormones — chemicals produced and released, or secreted, into the

bloodstream by endocrine glands. ○ They are not released constantly, but instead in pulsatile secretion that occurs in spurts/pulses when needed. ○ Coordinate the physiology and behavior of an organism by regulating, integrating, and controlling its bodily function (RIC) ● Principle actions of hormones — growth, developmental processes, behavior,

and metabolism G, DP, B, M -> § GDP, Budget (Behavior) Monitoring (Metabolism) ● Target cells — cells that have specific receptors that are used to detect a

certain type of hormone. Each hormone has only certain receptors that it may bind to, and not every cell in the body has these receptors. When hormones are secreted in the bloodstream, they can only attach to and affect the target

cells. Once the hormone creates the bond with the receptor, it can either activate an enzymatic response or can influence the expression of a gene and thus the creation of a protein Difference between neural and hormonal communication — Hormones: released into the bloodstream and can travel far distances, can travel anywhere in the body, slow graded and usually have long-term effects (in terms of development), little voluntary control ● § H-@R-MONAL (Hemo (blood), f@R distances, M@NY places; Over time (Slow), Neumonal (little voluntary), and Affecting Long-term Neurotransmitters: released locally at a synapse to affect a nearby neurite or neuron (paracrine), can travel only along neural tracts, fast graded and usually have short-term effects (a dopamine at one instance will not effect mood consistently; albeit addiction and tolerance within ventral segmental area and nucleus accumbent are critical to consider);, more voluntary control (but no total control) in terms of thinking levels of analysis of behavior — immediate causation, development, adaptive function, evolution 'how' levels of analysis, proximate causation — immediate causation: the underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for a given behavior, typically mediated by the nervous or endocrine systems to influence behavior short-term. development: the full range and maturation of an organisms behavior throughout the entire lifetime. ● ‘why' levels of analysis, ultimate causation — evolution: involves many generations and how their characteristics and behavior has changed over time and through the course of natural selection ● adaptive functions: the role that behavior plays in organisms to adapt to their environment and maintain that behavior. ○ Not a question of why things are beneficial over time it is a question of why certain behavior might be advantageous at a certain point in time 3 pieces of information necessary for a causal link between behavior and hormones — §BE-HAV-IOR 1) the behavior in question should diminish when the hormone or source of hormone is removed (§ Behavior Exhaustion upon Bank (source of hormone) Exhaustion) 2) the behavior should reappear when the source of hormones is replaced or reestablished (§ Healing (restoration) of Action upon reVesting/retrieVal of Vial/ Volume of humor/hormones) 3) hormone levels and the behavior response should be covariant, when one increases so should the other. (§ Invariable Ordinal Relation (quantitatively/ relatively for behavior and hormones)

Removal / remission; re-establioshed/revictual. Reverberations; covariant; (what was it?) (reconvene) Character variance; returning factors and elements; Remission; revision/reconvene; Convalescne;de of -Lance; Sense; both establish Lance; Sans? Ablation — a laboratory technique where the suspected source of a hormone is removed and the effect is then studied to determine if the associated behavior also ceases. Typically paired with replacement to see if when the source is restored, whether naturally or synthetically, if the behavior returns Bioassay — test of the effects of a hormone on a living organism. the hormone can be exogenous to the species studied. Used to detect the presence or absence of a hormone, ● e.g: rabbit pregnancy tests, where female urine in implanted into a rabbit and if the rabbit responds to the pregnancy hormones in woman, then it can prove the woman is pregnant. This could also be used for quantitative measurements of a hormone, like the crop sac of a pigeon that grows to different sizes in the presence of different concentrations of prolactin (e.g. dopamine, and other animal blood can be inserted into a pigeon and studied to determine concentration of prolactin. Lion blood drive? Goat blood drawn amongst indigenous populations? Phlegm Biscuit; [rehgamntl t[eosant; (Crop (Section of packet) sac;); pigeonhole ; classify ; bioassay immunoassay — laboratory technique used to determine if a hormone is present and at what level. Immensinyu; Hormone, Immune,ʼ Radioimmunoassay, enzymoimmunoassay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay all fall under this category Antibodies; cytochemistry? Immunocytochemistry — use antibodies to determine the location of a hormone in the body (§ “dehabilitated”) by taking thin layers of a deceased brain (Jae, bio), dams) and exposing it to antibodies that are chromatin dyed (exposed, abcd). Antibodies typically not good for this, must do many tests to ensure reliability and validity (extensive notes / excess stress; (stain to find home) /home-own)

autoradiography — used to determine receptor (AcTive Receptor site) location (on a graph?) for a specific hormone (direct LASH) ● Begin by staining an area of brain tissue (Staiining an Area of Brain Tissue; SA-Bo-Tage) to see the cellular structures (“to SABoTage our veHICLES”) ● Next, expose that stained tissue to radio-labeled hormones (§ RADIO messages hœard, ard indicating the @RMy is attempting to SABoTage Vehicles) —— to determine where high levels of radiation correlate0 with known cellular structures. (Hifhlehy recconens its;kickliddopn/ class/glass) Western Blot test — test used to measure how much of a protein exists in groundup/minced brain tissue. Not good for determining location but useful in detecting amounts of gene expressed proteins (GaU-G-E Ultimate Proteins amount). ● Can use labeled cDNA, (complementary, sequence pf bases)) antibodies, or enzymes (CDE) to detect the presence of the hormone in question. (Can Detect Eminence) ○ Western: O-CCiD-EN-tiAl: CCʼs, proteins Diced brain tissue; codynaben? Amounts pf gene expressed in protsrein; eg Berlin conference, order of Berlin, order of Milan; western blood / Maconʼs Bill no. 2; ● Renin: hormone and enzyme (angiotensin I -> anfiuotensinogen ii)

Things vtrhay are —— Isite Acquired pellicleL film od glycoproteins hen bare tooth crown exposed too saliva) Eg salivary amylase? Idk) Fior all, ghybriudize Where in situ hybridization — technique used to detect where mRNAs that help create certain proteins are being produced. ● ThINs SIices of brain TissUe are cut and stained and mounted (HY-dye) on a microscope, and exposed to labeled cDNA, which will BInD with the De agonists vs. antagonists (From psych; you should know this) — Agonists act as a synthetic replica of a hormone that can excite a certain neural pathway. ● Antagonist inhibit certain pathways by blocking receptors or blocking the production of a hormone. General agonists and antagonists act on the production and release of hormones, receptor agonists and antagonists act on receptors. cannulation — process where hollow electrodes or tubes are inserted into certain brain areas and can insert substances such as testosterone or cholesterol ●

electrophysiological recording — monitors amounts of action potentials in a certain area of the brain, does not affect the amount and there is no manipulation of tissue or cells, it just records the activity of a region optogenetics — uses DNA from a light sensitive agae that forces activation when exposed to light. Can insert this DNA into specific cells, and then shine a small light on the cells to activate them and study behavior. All can occur while the organism is alive, you can actively turn on and off light to activate cells in physiologically relevant situations (OPT (light) - Only these cells - GENerste aCTIon in the cells) electrolytic brain lesion — part of the brain is temporarily shut off (Elect-off); to study behavior as if it was a lesion (Lytic -> LesIon), damage is only temporary neurotoxic brain lesion — chemicals are inserted to certain brain areas to TempOrarily put them to sleeps(X) and to study behavior as if it (Imitating) were a real brain lesion (Contusion), damage is only temporary (like electrolytic; w/ neurotoxic are side-by-side

competitive enzymoimmunoassay — more color shown means less hormone is present, (COlor More Present): the hormone binds to the enzyme and removed the color so less hormone was available for binding and many colored unbound enzymes are left (Enzymes TInted in VariEgated fashion; enzymes were acTIVE) ● COlor Means ProTein Enzymes are EffecTIVE) ● Consider the photosynthesis experiment in Biology featuring the alternative pigment (any AP Bio people?) noncompetitive enzymoimunoassay — more color shown means more hormone is present (Reverse to competitive)

immediate early genes — the genes that are the first ones turned on to activate a certain protein at the first sign of stimulation, detected using immunocytochemistry ● IMM-EdiAte EArly genes detected with IMMunocytochemistry knock out mice — mice that have a gene removed before births(Knock Out), so that gene is never present to produce its associated proteins. Done by introducing a mutant gene to an embryonic stem cell that will become a gamete, then inserting that gamete into a surrogate mother until a full grown knockout mouse is accomplished (§ 1-2-3 … KNOCK OUT (wrestling game(te) by mutant gene (mutanous guy) introduced to an “Imbecile” (EMB-StEm-CELL) anTisense drug — blocks translation, so gene will produce RNA but RNA will not be able to produce a protein, ‘ReMoves' This protein — (Ribosomal, Messenger, Transfer RNA) viral mediated gene delivery — can replace genes or proteins in animal by taking them out of own animal and placing them into another to 'replace' the proteins, ● can be done by using a virus: small organisms that can insert genes into Certain Cells; take up those genes; combine it with their own DNA (aCC-InDÆNT genes into genome) ○ Sort of like oCCI-DeNtAl (Western Blot), wherein (following staining of thin slices) exposed to C-DNA or to Enzymes; histology — chemical staining of brain regions or cells to have a visual of what a cell or receptor may look like (Histo - tissue) Nissl stain — a histology stain that specifically stains the cell body of neurons (NucLeuS IN “SSeL” in order to collect quantitative information of how many neurons or the size of the neurons (Neuron Number or Size Golgi stain — acts on about 1/17th of all neurons and darkly stains the entire thing in order to study connections, dendrites, axons, and cell body all at once. (CONDE-COBA) can show how morphology changes based on behavior or hormones (BEH/HOr-MORphi_CHanges) (on ~1/17th) ● “Whole. Thing — gOL-GI Anatomical brain imaging — CT scan s a basic x-ray of the brain structuress(eXaCT eXostruCTure), MRI pictures structure using magnetic resonance field Functional brain imaging — PET scan uses radioactive substance to trace brain activity and blood flow, while fMRI uses magnetic resonance to detect where activity is occurring based on oxygen levels

Lecture 2 autocrine mediation — when a cell secretes a substances that acts on itself to influence change (Auto - self) Intracrine mediation — when a cell harbors signaling which proceeds within its intracellular / cytoplasmic domain (Intra - within) paracrine mediation — when a cell secretes a substance that acts on adjacent cells to influence change (Para- Beside, adjacent to) endocrine mediation — when a cell secretes a substance that travels in the blood stream to act on distant cells to influence change (ends 5 main features of the endocrine system — DoCT-R-I-N-E 1. endocrine glands are ductless en-Ductless, § DoCT; (duck-less; duck tape;; whatʼs up, doc) ● Not including ductless exocrine glands, such as MASSAGe (MAmmilary, Salivary, and Sweat Glands) 2. endocrine glands have a rich blood supply (§ Rich) 3. hormones are products of the endocrine glands and are secreted into the blood stream (§ Issued Internally Into Infrastructure) / Injected) 4. hormones can travel throughout the body to virtually any cell (§ Nexus/Nodes Numerous; Nearly N-y Nucleus/cell 5. hormone receptors are the lock that bind specifically to the key that is the hormone (§ Enantiomer/Exact Entry) / Exact;/. Enzyme ); lock-and-key (stereospecific) Pineal gand — located in brain between diencephalon and triencephalon (telencephalonʼ no) along the midline. Secretes melatonin, which can sometimes be considered a neurotransmitter since it is a chemical secreted from a brain region. Thus regulates circadian rhythms and sleep cycles. Evolution changed melatonin from directly being exposed to light to now simply responding when the photoreceptors indicate a light presence ● suPINE (laying on back) at sleep: indicates need for PINEal gland; no light Thoracic coolumnd/ to (preganglionic) - Superiocr Cervical Ganglion (Postgangilionic) — eventually reach the other side) hypothalamus — one large brain region with many smaller collections of cell bodies called nuclei (yes) to control certain things (of coursE , part of which is the 'median eminence' which is the endocrine part of the hypothalamus (MEMENDOcrine_; .(Mecca?) ● Communicates with pituitary gland to release hormones by sending either a

releasing hormone or an inhibiting hormone across the BBBs(R/I: B- osoME (Bosom of the endocrine; with hypophysis?) (Median to the pituitary gland.

receives information from axons at various higher locations in the brain. hormones released into blood vessels of the pituitary gland (hypophysis?) (infundibulum) ● releasing hormones — protein and peptide hormones that are released by the hypothalamus and act on the pituitary gland to spur release of more specific hormones outside the brain Gonadotropin GnRH= spurs release of sex steroids from the gonads Corticotropin CRH= spurs release of stress hormones (corticotrophin; adenohypophysis) Thyrotropin TRH= spurs release of thyroid hormones Somatocrinin (^g (anagram): Micronations) or growth hormone releasing hormone= spurs growth or development inhibiting hormones — protein and peptide hormones that are released by the hypothalamus and act on the pituitary gland to inhibit the release of more specific hormones outside the brain somato-=statin or Growth Inhibiting hormone GHIH = stops growth or development (Statin: stasis; modulates Insulin-glucacgon relationship) ● DoPAMINe= in this case referred to as ProlActIN-INhibiting hormone

(although DA has many uses (thatʼs correct;; leads to filling of the mammary glands; or ∑as that the other one?) ○ DOes Prevent Areola MIlk at NipplE • pituitary gland — hangs just outside the brains(HYPO-Physis), referred to as the 'master' gland. comprised of the posterior and anterior pituitary. ● The anterior comes from soft Upper pAlate tissue *Suptum?) by the mouth, and this part is distinct from hypothalamus but receives input through blood vessels known as the portal system (Portal 2; idk; afternoon; afterc= school; Matthew metzger?) ◆ s(Portal; Anterior;; Like Anterior Nucleusʼ: Preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus)), and responds to releasing or inhibiting neurohormones in this system then makes its own body hormones to secrete into blood. ◆ Abteruir santistizes /synthesosze as and secretes hormones) ● The posterior region has neural rootss(Neurohypophysis), and is basically an extension of the hypothalamus so the neurohormones directly innervate this gland and do not need to pass through the blood brain barrier, but only oxytocin (social behavior) and vassopressin (ADH) (water retention) Post-storieoir stores hormones and secretes

anterior pituitary gland hormones — in response to GnRH the AP releases Lutenizing or Follicle Stimulation hormone, which act on the sex gonads to release sex steroids (GONADotrophin-Releasing hormone -> (GON-ADeno-hypo (Low, L...