Nuisance - Torts Essay PDF

Preview

Summary

Essay/Problem Question On the Tort on Nuisance ...

Description

Th eq u o t a t i o nma k e sac l e a rc o mme n to nt hefla wsa n di n a d e q u a c i e sh e l dwi t hi nt h et o r to f n u i s a n c e . Th et o r ti sd e s c r i b e da sou t d a t e da n du na b l et od e a lwi t hmo de r nc o n c e r n s . I na r e s p o n s et ot h eq u o t a t i o n , t h i se s s a ywi l l e xp l o r en e g a t i v ea n dp o s i t i v ep e r s p e c t i v e so fn u i s a n c e . Th i swi l lb ea c h i e v e db yo b s e r v i n gho wt h ee l e me n t sofnu i s a n c ea p p l yt oamo d e r nd a ya c t i v i t y a n dac r i t i c a le x a mi n a t i o no fh o wl e g i s l a t i o nc o u l da i do ra b e tt h et o r t sa b i l i t yt ode a lwi t h mo d e r nda ya c t i vi t i e s . 1 .Ap p l y i n gNu i s a n c et oaHy p o t h e t i c a l Th eg i s t o fn u i s a n c ei sc o n du c tt h a tc a u s e sas e r i ou sa n du n r e a s o n a b l ei n t e r f e r e n c ewi t ht h e 1 e n j o y me n to ru s eo fPsl a n d. Th e s ee l e me nt sha v ebe e nb r o k e nd o wna c c o r di n g l y .

Ba s i cFa c t s : Da ndPo c c up yn e i g h b ou r i n gp r o p e r t i e s , e a c hp r o p e r t yh a sah o u s ewi t hab a c ky a r d . Db o u gh ta d r o n ea n dd e c i d e dt ou s ei ti nt h e i rb a c ky a r d . Wh e nDu s e st h ed r o n ei tfli e sh i g ha b o v et h ef e n c e t h a ts e p a r a t e st h et wop r o p e r t i e s . Dsd r o n ema k e sac o n s t a n twh i r r i n gs o u n dwh e nu s e d . Co nduc tb yt heD Th ec o n du c ti nt h i sh y p o t h e t i c a l i sDfly i n gt h e i rd r o n ei nt h eb a c k y a r do ft h e i rp r o p e r t y . Se r i o usa ndUnr e a s o na bl eI nt e r f e r e nc e Th ec o n du c tb yDne e d st oma t e r i a l l yi n t e r f e r ewi t ht h eo r d i n a r yc o mf o r t o fPs‘ h uma n 2 e x i s t e n c e ’ . I nt h ec o n t e x to ft h i sh y p o t h e t i c a l , t h ei n t e r f e r e n c eb yDsa p p e a r st of a l lwi t h i n 3 Pr e s t o nCJ s‘ Nu i s a n c eoft h et h i r dk i n d ’ . An u i s a n c eoft h et h i r dki n da r i s e swhe r et h ea c t so fD 4 r e s u l t si na nu n r e a s o n a b l ei n t e r f e r e n c e . Th ef a c t sa b o v ei n di c a t en op h y s i c a ld a ma g ec a u s e db y 5 t h ed r o n eu s e . Th e r e f o r ei t n e e dst ob ep r o v e dt h a tDsa c t i o n sa r eu n r e a s o n a b l e . I nEl s t onvDor e

( 1 9 8 2)i twa sh e l dt h a tr e a s o n a b l e n e s so fn ui s a n c ei st ob ede t e r mi n e da c c o r d i n gs o c i e t i e s 6 d e fin i t i o no f‘ o r d i n a r yu s a g e ’ . Nu i s a n c ei sa l s oab a l a n c i n ga c tb e t we e nt h er i g h t sa n di n t e r e s t s 7 o fb o t hDa n dP . Th i sr e s u l t si nt h e r ebe i n gap l e t h o r ao fc o ns i d e r a t i o n sr e q u i r e dwh e n

d e t e r mi n i n gr e a s on a b l e ne s s : 1 Har g r a v evGo l d ma n( 1 96 3)HCA5 6 . 4 9. 2Wal t e rvS e l f e( 1 85 1 )64ER8 3Robs o nvLe i s c h k e( 2 0 08 )7 2NSWLR9 8 . 4I b i d . 5StHe l e n ’ sS me l t i n gCovTi p p i n g( 1 8 65 )11HLC6 4 2. 6 HCA149CLR480. 7Bamf o r dvT u r nl e y( 1 86 2 )12 2ER2 7 . 1

Lo c al i t y 8 Lo c a t i o no ft h en u i s a n c ec a ngr e a t l yi n flue n c et h eou t c o meoft h ec l a i m I . nt heh y p o t h e t i c a l , i fD

a n dPl i v e di na na r e az o n e df o rr e s i d e n t i a lp ur p os e st hec ou r two u l dl i k e l yfin dt h ed r on eus a g e 9 t ob ean u i s a n c ec o mp a r e dt oa na r e au s e df ormo r ec o mme r c i a la c t i v i t i e s . Ho we v e r , i ft h eu s eo f 1 0 t h ed r o n ewa ss oc o n s i d e r a bl ea n do ffe n s i v et h ec ou r t ma yl o o kp a s tt h el o c a l i t y . Fo rt h i st ob e

t h ec a s e , Dsd r o n ewo u l dn e e dt ob eu n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l yl o u d,wh i c hi su n l i k e l yt ob et h ec a s e wi t hmod e r nd r on e s . Ti meo fI n t e r f e r e n c e I fDwe r et oflyt h ed r on ee a r l yi nt h emo r n i n go rl a t ea tn i gh t , t h ec ou r t sma yfin dt h i sa 11 n u i s a n c e . I two u l dn e e dt ob ep r o v e dt h a tt h ed r o neu s ei sd i s r u p t i n gPss l e e p, a st h ec o u r t sh a v e 12 f o u n dar i g h tt on o tb ed i s t u r b e dd u r i n gwh a ta r ec o n s i de r e dt ob es l e e p i n gh o ur s . Ho we v e r , i fD

wa sa b l et oc o n t r o la n dl o we rt h en o i s eo ft hed r o newh e ni nu s e , t h e yma yb ea b l et oa p pl yf o ra 1 3 v a r i a t i ono r d e r .

Du r a t i o no fI n t e r f e r e n c e Th eu s eo ft h ed r on ed oe sn o tn e e dt obec o n s t a n t .I ft hen oi s eoft h ed r on ewa si n t e r mi t t e n t , l o u d 14 a n dh i g hp i t c h e ds o u n d sa r er e q u i r e dt ob ec l a s s e da san u i s a n c e . I fDwe r et ou s et h ed r o n e 1 5 e v e r yn i g h tf ort h ewh o l en i g h tt h ec ou r tma yv i e wt h i st ob ean u i s a n c e . Ho we v e r ,i ft h e 1 6 n u i s a n c ewa si n t e r mi t t e nti nt h en i g h t , t h ec o u r t ma yc o met oad i ffe r e n tc o n c l u s i o n .

S e n s i t i v i t yo fPl a i n t i ff On u svT e l s t r aCo r p o r a t i o nLt d[ 2 01 1 ]NSWSC3 3ma k e si t c l e a rt h a t t h es e n s i t i vi t yo fPi sn o ta c o n s i d e r a t i o nwh e nn u i s a n c ei sb e i n ga s s e s s e d . Th ec o u r tmus ton l yl o oka tt h er e a s o n a b l e n e s so f 1 7 t h ea c t t od e t e r mi n ei fDh a sc o mmi t t e dt h et o r to fn u i s a n c e .

Ma l i c i o u sDe f e n da n t 8StHe l e n ’ sS me l t i n gCovTi p p i n g( 1 8 65 )11HLC6 4 2;St u r g e svBr i d gma n[ 18 7 9]1 1ChD8 52 . 9I b i d . 10 Fe i n e rvDoma c hu k( 1 9 94 )3 5NSWLR4 8 5;Ha l s e yvEs s oPe t r ol e umCoLt d( 1 9 6 1)1WLR6 83 . 11HaddonvLync h( 1 9 1 1)VLR5 ;And r e a evS e l f r i d g e&CoLt d( 19 3 8)Ch1 . 12 I b i d . 13Sei d l e rvLu naPar kRe s e r v eT r u s t( un r e p or t e d,NSWSC,Ho d g s onJ ,21Se pt e mb e r19 95 ) . 14 Mat a n i avNat i o n alPr o v i n c i a lBa nkLt d( 1 93 6)2Al lER63 3. 15Andr e aevS e l f r i d g e& CoLt d( 19 3 8)Ch1. 16 Mur d oc hvGl a c i e rMe t a lCoLt d( 1 9 98 )1WLR6 92 . 17 OnusvTe l s t r aCo r po r a t i onLt d[ 20 1 1]NSWSC3 3. 2

Ho l l y wo o dS i l v e rFo xFa r mvEmme t t( 1 9 36 )2KB4 6 8h e l dt h a ta na c tma l i c i o u s l yc a r r i e do u tt o a n n o ywi l la i dt h ec o u r t ' sd e t e r mi n a t i o no fu n r e a s on a b l eb e ha v i o u r . I fDsd r o neh a dac a me r a , 18 a n dp r o c e e d e dt o‘ s no o p ’o nPt h ec o ur twi l l d e e mt h i sd e l i b e r a t ea c t a san u i s a n c e . I ti s

i mp o r t a ntt on o t et h a ti fPwe r et or e t a l i a t et oDsu s eo ft he i rd r o n e ,t h i sma yb ev i e we da sa 19 20 n u i s a n c e . Un l e s s , Psa c t i o n swe r ed o n ea sa na t t e mp tt oa l l e v i a t eDsi ni t i a ln u i s a n c e . I fPwe r e

t op l a ymu s i ci nt h e i rb a c ky a r dt oe l i mi n a t et h en oi s eo ft h ed r o n et h ec o ur tma yp e r mi tt h i s . Be ne fic i a lUs ea ndEnj o y me nto fPsLa nd 21 Mo v i n gba c kt oPr e s t o nCJ si d e ao f‘ Nu i s a nc eoft h et h i r dk i nd ’ , t h ea c to fDi sa l s or e q ui r e dt o 2 2 i n t e r f e r ewi t ht h ePse n j o y me n to ft h e i rl a n d . Mun r ovS o u t h e r nDa i r i e sh e l dt h a ti n t e r f e r e n c e 23 wi t hPse n j o y me n to ft h e i rl a n dne e d st ob eofas ub s t a n t i a ln a t u r e . Th ee ffe c to ft h en u i s a n c e

mu s tb es os u b s t a nt i a lt h a ti tc a u s e sd a ma g et oP .Ac o u r t ma yb ec a u t i o u st oc l a s sDsd r o n ea sa n u i s a n c ed u et ot h ed i ffic ul t yi nj u s t i f y i n gt h en oi s et h ed e v i c ema k e st ha tr e s u l t si nas u b s t a n t i a l d i s t u r b a n c et oPse n j o y me n to ft h e i rl a n d . Ho we v e r ,i ft h ef a c t si n c l u d e dt h a t Dsd r o n eh a dal i g h t a t t a c h e dt oi t , t h eo u t c o mema yc ha n g e . I fDwe r et oflyt h e i rd r o n ewi t ht h el i g h tf a c e da tPs b a c k y a r d, Pma yb ea bl et oc l a i m an u i s a n c e .Rac i t ivHu g he sma k ei tkn o wnt h a ti ft hel i g h t sc a n 2 4 b epr o v e nt oc a u s es u ffe r i n gt oPt hec o u r tma yd e e mt h a ta san u i s a n c e . D, h o we v e r , c ou l d

p o s s i b l ya r g uet h a tPi sa b l et oa d e q u a t e l yg u a r da ga i n s tt h el i g h t s . I ft h i swa sp o s s i b l et h e ni t 25 c o u l dl e a dt h ec ou r tt on o td e e mt h ed r o n ea n di t sl i g h t sa san u i s a n c e .

Onba l a n c e ,t h ec o l l e c t i o no fv a r i o u sc on s i d e r a t i o n sa l lc o mpo u n dt oma k et h ea s s e s s me n to ft h i s a c t i v i t yd i ffic u l tt od e t e r mi n e . Th e r e f o r e , t h ed i ffic u l t yi na pp l y i n gt h et o r t o fnu i s a n c et ot h e mo d e r na c t i v i t yo fd r o n efly i n gs u p p o r t st h eg e n e r a li d e at h a tn u i s a n c ei si l l s u i t e dt od e a lwi t h mo d e r nf o r mso fp o s s i b l ei nt e r f e r e n c e . Pu b l i cn u i s a n c ewa sn o ta d dr e s s e da st h i sh y p o t h e t i c a ld i dn o ta p p l yt ot hi st o r ti na n yf or m. 2 . Sho u l dNu i s a n c eGi v eWa yt oLe g i s l a t i v eCo n t r o l

18Rac i t ivHu g he s( 1 99 5 )7BPR1 4,8 3 7. 19St o a k e svBr y d g e s( 1 95 8)QWN5. 20 Fr a s e rvBo ot h( 1 9 50 )5 0SR( NSW)11 3 . 8. 21Robs onvLe i s c hk e( 2 00 8 )72NSWLR9 22I b i d . 23( 1 9 55 )VLR3 32 . 24Rac i t ivHu g he s( 1 99 5 )7BPR1 4,8 3 7. 25I b i d . 3

Tod e t e r mi n ei ft h et o r to fn u i s a n c es h o u l dg i v ewa yt ol e g i s l a t i v ec o n t r o lo fg e n e r a la c t i v i t i e st h i s e s s a ywi l l ;p r o v i d ef o ra n da g a i n s tt h ei d e ao fl e gi s l a t i v ec o n t r o l . Pr i o rt ot h a t , t h i se s s a ywi l l d e fin es o mek e yt e r ms . Ul t i ma t e l y , t h i se s s a ya i mst od e mo n s t r a t ewh e t h e rt h et o r to fn u i s a n c e s ho u l db ec o d i fie d . Th i se s s a yr e g a r d st h et e r m‘ l e g i s l a t i v ec o n t r o l ’t ome a nt h ec o mp l e t ea n ds t r i c tc o di fic a t i o nof t h et o r to fn u i s a n c e . Fu r t h e r mo r e , t h ei s s u eo f‘ g e n e r a la c t i v i t i e s ’i st a k e nt ome a na c t i v i t i e st h a t a r ed a i l ypa r t o fmo d e r nl i f e . Wh ys h o u l dNu i s a nc eb eLe gi s l a t e d Ap i e c eo fl e g i s l a t i o nt ha t r e g ul a t e st h et o r t o fn u i s a n c ewo u l di mme di a t e l yf r e et h ec o mmonl a w 26 f r ombe i n gt hema i nt o o li nd i s c e r n i n ga ni s s u ei nr e l a t i o nt ot h et o r t . Ov e rt i me , t h ec o u r t sh a v e 27 d e v e l o pe dat h or o u g ha n dc o mp l e xa pp r o a c hwh e nd e t e r mi n i n ga ni s s u eo fn u i s a nc e . Co d i f y i n g 2 8 t h et o r two u l ds i mp l i f yt hi sp r o c e s si mme n s e l y , ma k i n gt h ec o u r t smo r ee ffic i e n ta n d 2 9 c o n s i s t e n t . I fDwe r et ou s ead r o n eo rp l a ymu s i cl o u dl yt h ec o u r two ul dt u r nt ot h ea c ta n d

ma k ead e c i s i o n . I fac on t r a v e n t i o no ft h er e g u l a t i o n swa sf o u n dt h e nt h e r ewo u l dbeac l e a r n u i s a n c e . Th u st h ed u t yo fd e c i s i o nma k e r si sma des i mp l e . Th ea mb i g uo u sa ndu nd e fin a b l e 3 0 n a t u r eoft o r t l a wma ke si tadi ffic u l t a n db o r d e r l i n ef r u s t r a t i n gt o r tt od i s c e A r n s . d i s c u s s e di n

p a r to ne , t h ea p p l i c a t i o no fn ui s a n c et omo d e r ng e n e r a la c t i v i t i e s( s u c ha sd r o n eu s a g e )ma k e st he d u t yo fj u d g e se v e nmo r es t r e nu o u s . Bye n a c t i n ga ni n s t r u me ntt h a twi l lo v e r s e et h e s emo d e r n 3 1 a c t i v i t i e s , t h er i g h t so fp r o p e r t yo wn e r swi l ls u b s e q u e nt l yb ep r ot e c t e d . Th e r e f o r e , i ft h et o r to f

n u i s a n c ewe r et ogi v ewa yt ol e g i s l a t i v ec o n t r o li two u l dr e s t r i c tt h ee s t a b l i s h e dc o mmo nl a w, wh i l ep o s s i b l yl e a d i n gt omo r ec o n s i s t e n to u t c o me s .Le g i s l a t i o nh a st h epo t e n t i a lt of u r t h e r p r o t e c tt her i g h t so fi n d i v i d u a ll a nd o wn e r swh oma yb ea ffe c t e db ymo d e r nf o r mso ft het o r t . Wh yNu i s a n c eS h o u l dn o tbeLe g i s l a t e d

26Da nPr i e l ,‘ La n dUs ePr i o r i t i e sa ndt h eLa wo fNui s a n c e ’( 2 0 15 )3 9( 1 )Me l b o u r neUn i v e r s i t yLa wRe v i e w3 4 6. 27J o h nMu r ph y ,‘ For mu l r i s ma n dTor tLa w’( 1 99 9)7T o r tLa wRe v i e w25 1 . 28ConorGe a r t y ,‘ Th ePl a c eo fPr i v a t eNui s a n c ei naMo de r nLa wo fTo r t s ’( 19 8 9)4 8 ( 2)Ca mbr i d g eLa wJ o ur n al 2 1 4.

29 I b i d . 30 Br an dvHa mme r s mi t h( 1 86 7 )2QB22 3 . 31 Pr i e l ,a b o v en25 . 4

3 2 Nui s a n c ei sn o tas t r i c tl i a b i l i t yt o r ta n dr e q u i r e sa nu n r e a s o n a b l ea c tb yt h ed e f e n d a n t . I ft h e r e

wa sar i g i dl e gi s l a t i v ei n s t r u me n tt h a td e e msc e r t a i na c t i v i t i e sa na u t oma t i cn u i s a n c e , t hea c t i o n s o fD,e v e ni fr e a s on a b l e ,wou l da mo u ntt oan u i s a n c e . Bya l l o wi n gt h et o r to fn u i s a n c et obe u n d e rl e g i s l a t i v ec o nt r olt h er i g h t so fd e f e n d a n t sc ou l db ei n f r i n g e du po n . Al a wt h a twou l d 3 3 r e g u l a t en u i s a nc eha st h ep o t e n t i a lt ou s u r pt h eb a l a n c i n go fr i g h t sb e t we e nl a n do c c u pi e r s , t h u s

u n d e r mi n i n go n eo ft h et o r t sc e n t r a ld o c t r i n e s . Ev e nt h o u g h , i tma ya p p e a rt h a tl e g i s l a t i n gt h et o r t o fn u i s a nc ec a nb eb e n e fic i a li nd e a l i n gwi t hmo d e r na c t i v i t i e s , i ti si mp o r t a n tt or e c o g ni s ea n d e x pl o r et h ep o s s i b l ep i t f a l l st h a tma yf ol l o wa ne n a c t me n t . Da nPr i e la r g u e st ha ti nt hemo d e r n 34 d a y , n u i s a n c eh a sa ni mp or t a n tr o l e . Th ec o mmo nl a wt o r tc a nd e a lwi t hc a s e st h a t s l i pb e t we e n 3 5 t h ec r a c k so fa n yr e g u l a t i o n . Th i sa l l o wsf o rt hec o u r t st oa c t a sac o v e rf o ra n yi n a d e q u a t eor 3 6 o u t d a t e dwr i t t e nl a w. Pr i e lr a i s e st h ed i ffic u l t yi nc o n s t r u c t i n gp r oa c t i v el e g i s l a t i o t h n e ,i n h e r e nt

r e a c t i v en a t u r eo ft hel e g i s l a t u r ema k e st h er o l eo ft hec o u r ti n t e gr a lt oe ns u r et h en o‘ l o op h o l e ’ 3 7 o rg a pi nt h el a wi sa b u s e d . Th e r e f o r e , i t ma yb e‘ a x i o ma t i c ’t h a tn u i s a n c ei s‘ i l l s u i t e d ’t od e a l

wi t hmod e r na c t i v i t i e s , h o we v e r , t h et o r t sr ol ei ss t i l lv i t a l . I ti sc l e a rt h a tl e gi s l a t i n gn u i s a n c ei nr e l a t i o nt omo d e r ng e n e r a la c t i v i t i e swi l l r e s t r i c tt h e c o mmo nl a w, c r e a t ec o n s i s t e n ta ndj u s to u t c o me s , whi l s ta l s os t r e n g t h e n i n gt h epr o t e c t i o no f i n d i v i d u a lr i g ht s . Ho we v e r , t h e s er e s t r i c t i o n ss h o ul dno tl i mi t t h ec o u r t sf r o md e c i d i n go ni s s u e s n o n e xi s t e n ta tt h et i meo fe na c t me n t . Th el e g i s l a t i o na l s on e e d st oma i n t a i nt h eb a l a n c i n go f r i g h t sn u i s a nc ep r o mo t e si nor d e rt oc r e a t et hemo s tj u s to ut c o mef o ra l l i n v o l v e dp a r t i e s . I nc l o s i n g ,t h i se s s a yd i s s e c t e dt h eg i s t oft h eq uo t a t i o nb yp u l l i n gt h ec o n c e p t sf o u n dwi t hi ni t . I t p r o v i d e sar e s p o n s et h a tb o t hc ha l l e n g e sa n ds u p p o r t st h ei d e a sp u r p o r t e db yt h eq u o t a t i on ,t h i s wa sa c h i e v e db ye x p l o r i n gh o wt h ee l e me n t so fnu i s a n c ema ya p p l yt oamo d e r na c t i v i t ya swe l l a se v a l u a t i n gt h ei d e ao fn u i s a n c eg i vi n gwa yt ol e g i s l a t i v ec o nt r o l . Ov e r a l l i ti sc l e a rt h a t n u i s a n c e , h o we v e r“ r e p l e t ewi t hc r i t i c i s m”i t ma ybe ,s t i l lp l a y san e c e s s a r yc o mmo nl a wr o l ei n t o r t s , e v e ni ft ha t r o l ema yb ear e s i d ua lo n e .

32 Cambr i d g eWa t e rCovEa s t e r nCo un t i e sLe a t h e rp l c[ 1 9 9 4]2AC26 4 . 33 Bamf o r dvT u r nl e y( 1 8 62 )3B& S6 6 ;S o ut h wa r kLon d onBo r o u g hCo un c i lvMi l l s[ 2 00 1 ]1AC1 . 34Pr i e l ,a b o v en25 . 35I b i d . 36I b i d . 37I b i d . 5

Bi bl i o g r a p h y

AAr t i c l e s / Bo o k s / Re p o r t s Ge a r t y , Co n o r , ‘ Th ePl a c eo fPr i v a t eNu i s a n c ei naMo d e r nLa wo fTo r t s ’( 1 9 8 9 )4 8 ( 2 ) Ca mb r i d g eLa wJ o u r n a l2 1 4 Mu r p h y , J o h n , ‘ Fo r mu l r i s ma n dTor tLa w’( 1 9 99 )7T o r tLa wRe v i e w2 5 1 Pr i e l , Da n‘ La ndUs ePr i o r i t i e sa n dt h eLa wo fNu i s a n c e ’( 20 1 5 )3 9 ( 1 )Me l b o u r n eUn i v e r s i t y La wRe v i e w3 4 6 St e wa r t , Pa ma n dSt u h mc k e ,An i t a , Au s t r a l i a nPr i n c i p l e sofT o r t La w( Th eFe de r a t i o nPr e s s , 4 t h e d ,2 01 7 ) BCa s e s An d r e a evS e l f r i d g e&CoLt d( 19 3 8 )Ch1 Ba mf or dvT u r n l e y( 1 8 6 2 )1 22ER2 7 El s t o nvDo r e( 1 9 8 2)HCA1 4 9CLR4 80 Fe i n e rvDo mac h u k( 1 9 9 4 )3 5NSWLR4 8 5 Ha d d o nvLy n c h( 1 9 1 1 )VLR5 Ha l s e yvEs s oPe t r o l e u mCoLt d( 1 9 6 1 )1WLR68 3 Ha r g r a v evGol d ma n( 1 9 6 3 )HCA5 6 Ho l l y wo o dS i l v e rFo xFa r mvEmme t t( 1 9 36 )2KB4 6 8 Ma t a n i avNa t i o n a lPr o v i n c i alBa nkLt d( 1 93 6 )2Al lER6 3 3 Mu nr ovS o u t h e r nDa i r i e sLt d( 1 9 5 5)VLR3 32 Mu r d o c hvGl a c i e rMe t alCoLt d( 1 9 98 )1WLR6 9 2

6

On u svT e l s t r aCo r p o r a t i o nLt d[ 2 01 1 ]NSWSC3 3 Ra c i t ivHu g h e s( 1 9 9 5 )7BPR1 4 , 8 37 8 Ro b s o nvLe i s c h k e( 20 0 8 )7 2NSWLR9 S e i dl e rvLu n aPa r kRe s e r v eT r u s t( un r e p o r t e d, NSWSC, Ho d g s o nJ , 2 1Se p t e mb e r1 9 95 ) S tHe l e n ’ sS me l t i n gCovTi p p i n g( 18 6 5 )1 1HLC64 2 S t o a k e svBr y d g e s( 1 95 8 )QWN5 S t u r g e svBr i d g ma n[ 1 87 9 ]1 1ChD8 52 Wa l t e rvS e l f e( 1 8 5 1 )6 4ER8 4 9

7...