Objectives of the first crusade PDF

Preview

Summary

Lecture notes on the topic of the Objectives of the first crusade, possible question on HI1003 winter exam 2016 ...

Description

HI1003 Christmas Exam 16 December 2016

What were the objectives of the First Crusade? The goal of The Crusades was to help follow Christians of the Byzantine Empire repel attacking Seljuk Turks and recover the Christian Holy Land that was taken from the Christian Byzantines by Muslim forces in the years 638-641. The Crusades affected 3 main groups; Christians, Muslims and Jews. The crusades were a series of religious wars between European Christians and Muslims. The crusades changed Christian Europe and let to new ideas and brought back the ideas of classical Rome. The crusades were the beginnings of a poor relationship between Muslims, Christians and Jews that still impacts the world today. Who? There were several significant individuals involved in the First Crusade, however each contributed to the Crusade in similar ways, leading the Western armies towards Jerusalem to recapture the Holy Land. Pope Urban II Baldwin I of Jerusalem Geoffrey of Bouillon Emperor Alexius Comnenus Raymond IV of Toulouse Peter the Hermit

THE FIRST CRUSADE

!1

What? Crusade; A military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th and 13th century. For a conflict to be officially considered a Crusade, it had to be sanctioned by the Pope and conducted against groups seen as enemies of Christendom. When? The First Crusade took place between 1096-1099 Where? The Journey to the Holy Land for the Crusades was challenging. They were unable to use the Mediterranean Sea and thus marched to their destination. Conditions began to deterring very early during this journey and diseases such as Dysentery, fatigue and heat-stroke weakened the Crusaders. Why? The First Crusade was an attempt to re-capture the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Muslims had taken the Holy Land previously and in response to their oppression, Pope Urban II rallied forces to save the Holy Sepulchre. The Holy Sepulchre is the believed tomb of Christ. Timeline: • In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexios I contacted Pope Urban II about the threat of Turkish armies against Constantinople and the Fatimid Muslim’s control of Jerusalem. • In November 1906, Pope Urban II considered Alexious’ plea at the Council of Claremont, and called for a crusade against the Muslim Turks. • Tens of thousands of peasants, nobles, and clergy respond to Urban II’s call. • In the spring and summer of 1096. armies of Crusaders departed from Western Europe for Constantinople. • Between 1096 and 1099, Crusader armies made their way to Jerusalem, engaging in several major battles with Turkish forces. • On July 17th 1099, Crusaders took the city of Jerusalem, after a long and costly siege. Some historians estimate the number of casualties at 100,000.

THE FIRST CRUSADE

!2

Christians believed they were fighting the Crusades in the name of Jesus to take back the place of his birth from infidels. Muslims believed they were defending land that was theirs. From their perspective, Christians were brutal invaders.

• The area surrounding the city of Jerusalem is holy to all three major religions; Judaism, Christianity and Islam. It is the traditional homeland of the Jews, it is where Jesus lives and it is where Muhammad is said to have risen to heaven in his Night journey. • A major purpose of the crusades was for Christians to gain control of Palestine, the area which surrounds the holy city of Jerusalem.

Cause of the crusades: • A group of Muslims known as Seljuk Turks took over parts of the Middle East • The Muslim leader was also called a sultan • In 1071, the Muslims defeated the Christian Byzantine army at Manzikert in present day Turkey. • Christians feared Constantinople would be in danger. • Christians feared they would no longer be safe travelling to the Holy Land on pilgrimages. Goals for the Crusades: The Pope: Show his power Reunite Byzantine Empire and Roman Christians Byzantines did think Pope was the head of the church Knights: Win glory in battle

THE FIRST CRUSADE

!3

Riches The crusades gave landless knights an opportunity to gain land and wealth and establish themselves as nobles in new Latin kingdoms in the Holy Land. Serfs: Can leave their land Merchants: Trade The Siege of Antioch: • The Crusader siege of Antioch lasted from October 21st 1097, to June 2nd 1098. The Crusaders had it about as bad as the people inside the city. Lack of food and water caused many Christian soldiers to desert. • The Crusaders took the city by trickery. Bohemond of Taranto made a deal with an Armenian Christian inside Antioch. One night the Armenian let down a ladder and let the crusaders in. • After they took the city, Kerbogha arrived to besiege the crusaders. • The crusaders sailed out of the castle to challenge the Muslims. • On June 28th 1098, the crusaders, with the Holy Lance (A Christian relic found in the city) before them, defeated Kerbogha. The Siege of Jerusalem: • The Crusades arrived in Jerusalem on May 7th 1099 and began their siege. • An army of 7,000 crusading knights attacked Jerusalem and by the end of the siege, only 1,500 remained. • Jerusalem was taken by the Crusading army on July 15th, 1099. Upon entering the city, the Europeans slaughtered everyone inside (Muslim, Jew and Christian alike)

THE FIRST CRUSADE

!4...