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OBLIGATIONS ANDCONTRACTSTitle I. -- OBLIGATIONSCHAPTER 1. -- GENERAL PROVISIONSBalane: Observation on the title of Book IV, "Obligations and Contracts." Book IV starts with an inaccuracy. It gives the impression that obligations and contracts are of the same status, w/c they are not. A contract is o...

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OBLIGATIONS AND CONTRACTS

An obl i gat i on i sa j ur i di c alr el at i on ( bec.t her ear e2par t i es)wher ebyaper son shoul d engage orr ef r ai nf r om engagi ng i n ac er t ai n ac t i vi t yf ort hesat i sf ac t i on oft he pr i vat ei nt er est sofanot her ,whoi nc aseof nonf ul fil ment of suc h dut y may obt ai n f r om t he pat r i mony oft he f or mert hr ough pr oper j udi c i al pr oc eedi ngs t he ver y pr es t at i on due or i n def aul tt her eof ,t he ec onomi c equi val ent ( damages) t hat i t r epr esent s.( Di azPi er o. )

Ti t l eI .-OBLI GATI ONS CHAPTER 1.-GENERALPROVI SI ONS Bal ane: Obse r vat i on on t het i t l eofBook I V," Obl i gat i ons and Cont r act s. " Book I V s t ar t s wi t h an i naccur acy . I t gi ves t he i mpr essi on t hatobl i gat i ons and cont r act s ar eoft hesamest at us ,w/ct heyar enot .A cont r act i s onl y one of t he sour ces of obl i gat i ons. Book I V shoul d hav e been si mpl yt i t l ed" Obl i gat i ons. "

Now,t hi si sal ong but compl e t e defini t i on. Char act er i s t i csofanObl i g at i on:

Et ymol ogy . - The wor d obl i gat i on comes f r om t wo Lat i n wor ds,l i gar e,meani ng " t o bi nd"and obw/ci sapr oposi t i on used t o i nt ensi f ya v er b. Li t e r al l y obl i gar e means " t obi ndsecur el y . "I nt hee ar l yRomanl aw, t he l aw on obl i g at i ons cont ai ned a l i t e r al me ani ng. I t meant bei ng " bound i n c hai ns. " The enf or cement ofcr edi t was bar bar i c. I ft he cr edi t ori s notpai d,t he cr edi t orhas t he r i ghtt o hav et he debt or pl acedi nc hai nsandsol dt osl aver yi nt he mar ke tpl ace f ort hr e e days. Pr oceeds of t hesal ewi l lbeusedt opayt hedebt .I ft he debt ori snotbought ,t hedebt orwi l lei t her be c hopped i nt o pi eces and f ed t ot he fishesi nt her i v erorsol dt osl av er yacr oss t heTi be r .Li t t l ebyl i t t l e,t hese ver i t yoft he l aw wasmi t i gat ed. I n Ci cer o' st i me,t her e wasnomor e" bi ndi ngi nc hai ns. " Rat he r , obl i gat i on wasl ookedupon as" bi ndi ngi n l aw. "Thel aw hasnow beenhumani z ed.

1. I tr epr esent s an e xcl usi vel y pr i vat e i nt e r e st 2. I t cr eat e st i es t hat ar e by nat ur e t r ansi t or y 3. I ti nv ol ves t he powe rt o make t he j ur i di cal t i e e ffe ct i ve i n case of nonf ul fil l ment t hr ough an e conomi c equi val ent obt ai ned f r om t he de bt or ' s pat r i mony . Li nes ofDev el opmenti n Moder n Law on Obl i gat i ons : 1. Pr ogr essi ve spi r i t ual i zat i on oft he l aw on obl i gat i ons. - Thi s means t hat t he i nt entoft hepar t i esi se mphasi z ed r at her t han t hef or m. Spi r i t ual i z edmeans" made abs t r act . " The emphasi s now i s on t he " mee t i ng oft hemi nds"oft hepar t i es. I n t he Roman l aw,obl i gat i ons ,par t i cul ar l y , cont r act ual obl i gat i ons, r e qui r e d s t r i ct compl i ancew/f or mf orv al i di t y .

Ar t . 1156. An obl i gat i on i s a j ur i di calne cessi t yt ogi ve,t o do ornott o do.

2.Thepr i nc i pl eofaut onomyofwi l li snow bei ng si gni fic ant l yr es t r i c t ed ormodi fied. I n Roman l aw,t he par t i es can ent eri nt o any agr ee mentt hatt heywi sh. Now,t hey can ent e ri nt oanyagr eementpr ovi dedt he samei snotcont r ar yt ol aw,mor al s,good

Bal ane: Defini t i on. - Ar t .1156gi vesusa si mpl e but i ncompl e t e defini t i on. I ti s i ncompl e t ebec.i tl ooksatobl i gat i on onl y f r om t he poi ntofvi ew oft he debt or . A be t t erdefini t i onwoul dbe, 1

cus t oms, publ i c or de r ,or publ i c pol i cy . The r eason f ort hi si s Soci alJust i ce and some pol i cy consi der at i ons. I thas been obser v ed, howev er ,t hat t hi s wi l l gi ve a gr e at e rt e nde ncy f or t he govtt oi nt er f er e i nt opr i vat eaffai r s. 3. Themi t i gat i on oft hepr i nc i pl et hatt he debt ormus tanswerwi t h al lhi s pr oper t y f orhi sobl i gat i on. -I nRomanl aw,t hi swas absol ut e. Now, not al l pr oper t y of t he debt orc an bel evi edupon f ort hepur pose ofsat i sf yi ngan obl i gat i on. Now,t her ear e some pr oper t i es ( i nf act ,t he r e ar e many) w/car eexempt e df r om at t achmentorl evy , l i ket hef ami l yhome. 4. Weaki ng oft he pr i nc i pl et hatl i abi l i t y r esul t sf r om r esponsi bi l i t y. - Thi si sbec.of Soci al Just i ce consi der at i ons. ( kul ang i t o. . . . ) 5. Tendenc y of uni t y i n moder n l egi sl at i on. - I n t he ASEAN r egi on, f or i nst ance,t he r e ar e mov es t os t andar di z e t he r ul es on handl i ng goods, l e t t e r s of cr edi t ,bank t r ansact i ons,e t c. Ther ei s now t he t endency t o make t he se r ul es uni f or m.Thi si sbec.t r adewi l lal waysfind aconv eni entway .

On t he fir stt wo el ement s: They mustbede t er mi nat eorde t er mi nabl e. The f ol l owi ngar epossi bl ecombi nat i ons: a. Bot h par t i es ar e de t er mi ned at t het i meoft hee xecut i onoft heobl i gat i on. b.An obl i gat i on wher ei n onepar t y i s de t er mi ned at t he cons t i t ut i on oft he obl i gat i on and t heot he rt obede t er mi ned subsequent l yi n accor dance w/ a cr i t e r i a t hati spr evi ousl yest abl i shed. c.Anobl i gat i on i nw/ct hesubj ect i s de t e r mi ned i n accor dance w/ hi s r el at i on t oat hi ngand t her ef ori tc hanges wher et het hi ngpass esf r om onepe r sont o anot he r . Thi s i s a pr ope r t yl i nked obl i gat i on. 3.Obj ec toft heobl i gat i on. - Thi sr e f er st o t he conduct or act i vi t y t hat mus t be obser v ed byt hedebt or . Theobj ectoft he obl i gat i oni sal waysanact i vi t yorconduct , t hepr es t at i on. Requi si t esofanobj ect : a.I tmus tbel i ci t . b.I tmustbepossi bl e. c. I t mus t be de t e r mi nat e or de t er mi nabl e. d.I tmus thavepecuni ar yval ueso t hati fnotper f or med i ti sc onv er t e di nt o damages.

Essent i alEl ement sofanObl i gat i on: 1. Ac t i ve Subj ec t . - Thi sr ef e r st ot he cr edi t orort he obl i gee. St r i ct l y speaki ng t he t wo ar e not t he same. A cr edi t or gener al l y used i n an obl i gat i on t o gi v e whi l e obl i gee i s used i n an obl i gat i on t o do. 2. Passi ve Subj ec t . - Thi sr e f er st ot he debt orort heobl i gor .I fy ou wantt obea ci vi l i s t ,debt ori sused i n an obl i gat i on t o gi v ewhi l eobl i gori sused i n an obl i gat i on t odo.

4. Vi nc ul um j ur i s( l egal t i e) . - Upon def aul torr ef us aloft hedebt ort oper f or m, t he cr e di t or can go t o cour t . When a per son s ays" Ipr omi set opayy ou when I l i ke t o, "t her ei s no obl i g at i on her e bec. t her ei snovi nc ul um j ur i s Al lt he se fir s tt hr ee f our el ement s ar e agr e edupon bycomment at or sasessent i al el ement s. The f ol l owi ng t wo ar e bei ng debat e d. 5.Causadebendi /obl i gat i ones( Cast an) . Thi s i s what makes t he obl i gat i on demandabl e. Thi si st hepr oxi mat ewhyof anobl i gat i on.

6. For m. - Thi si sc ont r ov er si al . Thi si s accept abl e onl y i ff or m means some mani f es t at i onoft hei nt e ntoft hepar t i es.

I .Sour cesofObl i gat i ons Ar t .1157.Obl i gat i onsar i sef r om: ( 1)Law; ( 2)Cont r act s; ( 3)Quasi cont r act s; ( 4)Act s oromi s si ons puni shed by l aw;and ( 5)Quasi del i ct s

Bal ane: Law asasour ceofobl i gat i on. -I am under t he i mpr essi on t hat al l obl i gat i onsar eder i ved f r om l aw. I ti smy opi ni on t hat t her ei s an ov er l ap i nt he enumer at i on bec.al lobl i gat i onsar i sef r om l aw. So,whati st hei dea ofenumer at i ng l aw as onl y one of t he sour ces of an obl i gat i onasi fi ti sonl yoneoft hem whe n t he f ourfind t hei rsour ces i nl aw? I si t t r ue t hat l aw i s t he onl y sour ce of obl i gat i on? Yes and No. Ye s,l aw i st he onl ysour ceofobl i gat i on i fyou t al kofi ti n t heul t i mat esense. No,i fyou ar et al ki ng ofl aw asapr oxi mat esour ce.I nt hi scase, t her ear efives our cesofobl gat i ons.Law i s bot ht heul t i mat eand apr oxi mat esour ce ofobl i gat i ons . Sour ces of Obl i gat i ons accor di ng t o Sanc hezRoman. - Accor di ng t o Sanchez Roman, t her e ar e onl y 2 sour ces of obl i gat i ons: Law andAc t s. Thel at t e rar e f ur t he rcl assi fied,asf ol l ows: ( 1) l i ci tact s cr eat e d by concur r e nce of wi l l s ( cont r act s) ;( 2) l i ci tact sei t herv ol unt ar y or i nv ol unt ar y w/o concur r ence ofwi l l s ( quasi c ont r act ) ;( 3) i l l i ci t act s of c i v i l c har act e r w/c ar e not puni shabl e, v ol unt ar y or i nv ol unt ar y( t or t s and al l damagesar i si ngf r om del ay) ;( 4)i l l i ci tact s

w/car ev ol unt ar y and ar epuni shabl e by l aw ( cr i mes. )

SAGRADA ORDEN VS.NACOCO [ 91 P 503] - I fde f . appel l ant( NaCoCo)i sl i abl e atal l ,i t sobl i gat i onsmus tar i sef r om any oft he 4 sour ces ofobl i g at i ons,namel y , l aw,cont r actorquasicont r act ,cr i me,or negl i gence. ( Ar t . 1089, OCC. ) Def . appel l anti snotgui l t yofanyoffenseatal l , bec. i t ent e r e d i nt o t he pr emi ses and occupi edi tw/t heper mi ssi onoft heent i t y w/ch had t he l egalcont r oland admi n. t her eof ,t he Al i en Pr op. Admi n. ( APA) Nei t her was t her e any negl i genc e on i t s par t .Ther ewasal sonopr i vi t y( ofcont r act or obl i gat i on)be t .t he APA and Tai wan Tekkosho,w/chadsecur edt hepossessi on oft hepr op.f r om t hepl t ffappel l eebyt he use ofdur ess,s uch t hatt he Al i en Pr op. Cus t odi an ori t sper mi t t e e( def . appel l ant ) maybehel dr esponsi bl ef ort hes upposed i l l egal i t y oft heoccupat i on oft hepr op.by sai d Tekkosho. TheAPA had t he cont r ol and admi n.oft hepr op.notassuccessor t ot hei nt er e st soft heenemyhol deroft he t i t l e, t he T. Tekkosho, but by expr e ss pr ovi si on ofl aw. Nei t heri si tat r us t eeof t hef or merowne r ,t hepl t ffappel l eeher ei n, buta t r us t e e oft he US Govt ,i ni t s own r i ght ,t ot heexcl usi on of ,and agai ns tt he cl ai m ort i t l eof ,t heene my owner . Fr om Aug. 1946, when def . appel l ant t ook possessi on,t ot hedat eoft hej udgmenton 2/28/48,t heAPAhadt heabsol ut econt r ol oft hepr op.ast r us t eeoft heUS Govt ,w/ powert odi sposeofi tbysal eorot he r wi se, as t hough i t we r et he absol ut e owne r . Ther ef or e ,e ven i fdef .we r el i abl et ot he APA f orr ent al s ,t hesewoul d notaccr uet o t hebenefitoft hepl t ff. ,t heol downer ,but t het heUSGovt .

Bal ane: I st heenumer at i on i n Ar t .1157 e xcl usi veormer el yi l l ust r at i ve? Thesense t hatt hecaseofSagr ada Or den t e l l susi s

t hat t he enumer at i o i s excl usi v e. I n r esol vi ng t he i ssue of whe t he rt he def . shoul d be l i abl et o pay r ent al s,t he SC usedt hepr ocessofexcl usi on.Fort her et o be an obl i g at i on t o pay r e nt al s, t hat obl i gat i onmus tar i s ef r om ei t heroft hefiv e ( 5)sour ces ofobl i gat i ons .I fi tdoes not , t hen t her ei s no obl i gat i on. The cl ear i mpl i c at i on oft hi sr ul i ngi st hat ,t hesefive ( 5)ar et heonl ys our cesofobl i gat i ons. Thepr obl em w/Ar t .1157i st hati t mi ght not cov er al l si t uat i ons. For e xampl e: Car al e uses Dov e as hi ss oap. He t hen hear s an adv er t i sement f r om Pr oct or& Gambl et hati ti soffer i ngani ce t umbl er f or t hose who can col l ect 30 wr apper sofTi debef or eFe b.29,1996.So, Car al es t opped usi ng Dove and st ar t ed usi ngTi de.Hewasabl et oconsumeal l30 wr apper son Feb.29,1996. Het he n went t oPr oct or& Gambl e( P & G)t oe xchange t he30Ti dewr apper sf orat umbl er .ButP &Gt ol d Car al et hatt hei rt umbl er sr un out ofs t oc k. Car al e cont r act ed a ski n al l er gyasar e sul tofus i ngTi dei nt aki nga bat h. Theques t i on i s: DoesP & G hav e anyobl i gat i on t oCar al e.I fwel ookatAr t . 1157,t hi ssi t uat i on doesnotf al li nanyof t he fiv e sour ces. So,we know hav ea pr obl e m. The Ger man Ci vi lCode ( BGB) cov er st hi ssi t uat i on.TheBGB hasasi xt h sour ce ofobl i gat i on,t he Ausl obung,w/c meansa uni l at e r aloffer . Ar t .657 oft he BGB pr ovi des: Ar t . 657. Bi ndi ng pr omi se. A per sonwho,bypubl i cnot i ce,announcesa r e war df or t he per f or manc e ofan act ,i n par t i cul arf ort hepr oduct i on ofar esul t ,i s bound t opayar e war dt oanyper son who hasper f or med t he act ,ev en i fhedi d not actwi t havi e wt ot her e war d. Not e : We now have a DTI r egul at i on c ov er i ngt hi ss i t uat i on. Thi si s an admi ni s t r at i ve r egul at i on w/c has t he f or ceofl aw. Buti twoul dhav ebeenbe t t er

t o hav e pl aced t hi sr ul ei n al aw r at her t hani namer eadmi ni s t r at i ver egul at i on. Ar t i cl es 1158 -1162 speci f yt he gene r al pr i nci pl es r egar di ng t he sour ces of obl i gat i onenumer at edi nAr t .1157.

Ar t . 1158. Obl i gat i ons der i v ed f r om l aw ar e not pr esumed.Onl yt hose e xpr essl y de t er mi ned i nt hi s Code or i n speci all awsar edemandabl e,and s hal lbe r egul at e dbyt hepr ecept soft hel aw whi ch es t abl i s hed t hem;and ast owhathasnot been f or eseen,by t he pr ovi si ons oft hi s Book.

Ar t .1159.Obl i gat i onsar i si ngf r om cont r act shavet hef or c eofl aw be t weent he cont r act i ng par t i es and shoul d be compl i edwi t hi ngoodf ai t h. Bal ane: The r ear et wopar t si n Ar t .1159. The fir stpar ti st hatobl i gat i ons de r i ved f r om cont r acthast hef or ceofl aw be t .t he cont r act i ngpar t i es( j usc i vi l i . ) Thes econd par ti st hatt her e mus tbe compl i ance i n goodf ai t h( j usgent i um. )

PEOPLE' S CAR VS. COMMANDO SECURI TY [ 51SCRA 40]- Pl t ff.( Peopl e' s Car )wasi nl aw l i abl et oi t scus t omer sf or t he damages caused t he cus t omer ' s car , w/c had been ent r us t ed i nt oi t s cus t ody . Pl t ff. t he r e f or e was i n l aw j us t i fied i n maki nggood s uc h damagesandr e l yi ngi n t ur nondef . ( CommandoSecur i t y)t ohonor i t s cont r act and i ndemni f yi tf or suc h undi sput e d damages, w/c had been caused di r ect l y by t he unl awf ul and wr ongf ulact s ofdef . ' s secur i t y guar di n br eac hoft hei rcont r ac t .

Ar t .1160.Obl i gat i onsder i v edf r om quasi cont r act s shal l be subj e ct t ot he

pr ovi si onsofChapt e r1,Ti t l eXVI I Ioft hi s Book.

Ar t .1161.Ci vi lobl i gat i ons ar i si ng f r om cr i mi naloffenses s hal lbe gover ne d byt hepenall aws,subj ectt ot hepr ovi si ons of ar t i cl e 2177, and of t he per t i nent pr ovi si onsofChapt er2,Pr el i mi nar y Ti t l e, on Human Rel at i ons,and ofTi t l eXVI I Iof t hi sBook,r e gul at i ngdamages. Ar t . 2177. Respons i bi l i t yf or f aul t or negl i gence under t he pr ecedi ng ar t i cl ei s ent i r el y separ at e and di s t i nct f r om t he ci vi l l i abi l i t y ar i si ng f r om negl i genc e unde rt he Pe nalCode.Butt hepl ai nt i ff cannot r ecov er damages t wi ce f or t he same act or omi ssi onoft hedef endant .

Ar t .1162.Obl i gat i onsder i v edf r om quasi del i c t s shal l be gov er ned by t he pr ovi si onsofChapt e r2,Ti t l e XVI Ioft hi s Book,andbyspeci all aws .

Bal ane: The Code Commi ssi on di d not c hooset ouset or t . Thi si sbec.t or tdoes not exact l y hav et he s ame meani ng as quasi del i c t . Tor tcover si nt ent i onalt or t s w/c i n quasi del i cti s consi der e d as ci vi l l i abi l i t y ar i si ng f r om ac t s or omi ssi ons puni shabl ebyl aw. The r ear esomequasi del i ct sw/car enotc over ed byt or t . Dean Bocobo sugges t ed t he anci e ntt e r m c ul pa aqui l i ana. But t hi s di d not mer i tt he appr ovaloft heCodeCommi ssi on. Quest i on: I ft her ei s a cont r actbe t .t he par t i es, can t her e be a quasi del i ct commi t t e d by one agai ns t t he ot her r egar di ngt hear eacover edbyt hecont r act . I fy ou l ook at Ar t . 2176, y ou ge tt he

i mpr essi on t hati ft her ei sa cont r ac tbe t . t hepar t i es,t hepar t i escannotbel i abl ef or quasi del i c t on an ar e a cover ed by t he cont r act . The case ofCangco has not r eal l yr esol v et hi scont r over sy . CANGCO VS.MANI LA RAI LROAD CO. [ 38 P768]- Bal ane:Ther ear et woi mpor t ant pr i nci pl est hatwel ear nf r om t hi scase:( 1) Thedi ffer e ncei nconceptbe t .c ont r actand quasi del i c ti st hati nacont r act ,t he r ei sa pr eexi s t i ng j ur i di calt i e be t .t he par t i es. Vi ol at i on of t he cont r act gi ves r i se t o l i abi l i t y but not t o t he j ur i di c al t i e. Jur i di calt i ei snotbor nebyavi ol at i on.I n quasi del i c t ,i ti spr eci sel yt hewr ongf ulact w/cgi vesr i set ot hej ur i di calt i e. Li abi l i t y andj ur i di calt i ear esi mul t aneous. ( 2) Cont r act s and quasi del i ct s cr eat et wo conc ent r i c ci r cl es w/ quasi del i ctast hebi ggerci r cl e. [ Not e : Ther ei sal i t t l emi st akei n Cangco. The SC sai dt hatt he dr i v ercan be sued undercul pa cont r act ual . Thi si s wr ong. The dr i verc annotbe sued as he has no pr i vi t yofcont r actw/t hepassenger . ] So,t heques t i onnow i s:I si tpossi bl et hat e ven i ft he r ei sacont r actbe t .t hepar t i es, a quasi del i ct can s t i l lbe commi t t e d by one agai ns tt he ot her r egar di ng t he ar ea cov er e dbyt hecont r act ? Yes,accor di ngt o t he case ofAr ane t av .de Joya,57 SCRA 59. The same act can gi ve r i se t o obl i gat i onsar i si ngf r om di ffer entsour ces. Forexampl e,Al i neai st heownerof abusco. ,t heAl i ne a BusCo. ,Mol i nai sa dr i v erofone oft he bus es ofAl i ne a Bus Co. Lagdameo r odet hebusbe i ng dr i v en by Mol i na. As a r esul t oft he r ec kl ess dr i vi ng of Mol i na, Lagdameo suffer ed i nj ur i es. I nt hi sc ase,Lagdameo has a c hoi ce- he can sue on ei t hercont r act , quasi del i c toron cr i me. I fhedeci ded t o sue on t he br eac h of t he cont r act of car r i age, al l he has t o pr ove i s t he ( exi st e nceoft hecont r act )and t hati twas

notper f or med.I nt hi scase,hecansuet he common car r i erbutnott hedr i verbec.he hasnocont r actw/t hedr i ver . I fhe sues on quasi del i ct ,he can sue bot h t he common car r i er and t he dr i v er . Thedef enseoft hedr i verwoul dbe di l i gence i n dr i vi ng ( or f or t ui t ous ev ent . ) Thedef enseoft hec ommon c ar r i erwoul d be di l i gence i n t he sel ect i on and super vi si onofe mpl oyees. I fhe sues undercr i me,he has t o sue t he dr i ver . I n case t he dr i ver i s convi ct ed and has been sent enced t o pay ci vi ll i abi l i t y ,t heempl oy er( Al i neaBusCo. ) i s subsi di ar i l y l i abl e . I f Mol i na i s i nsol v ent ,Al i neaBusCo.wi l lpay .

whom hedesi gnat esorper mi t st or un i t , wher et hecari soccupi ed andbei ngused att het i meoft hei nj ur yf ort hepl easur eof ot hermember soft heowner ' sf ami l yt han t hec hi l ddr i vi ngi t .

Not i ce t hatt he choi ce ofcause of act i on wi l lde t e r mi ne t hr ee t hi ngs: t he t heor y oft he pl ai nt i ff,t he def ense oft he def .andt heques t i onofwhom t osue .

Ar t . 2175. Any per son who i s cons t r ai ned t o pay t he t axes ofanot he r shal lbe ent i t l ed t or ei mbur sement f r om t hel at t e r .

Agai n,r emembert hati nt hi scase, t hevi c t i m hasac hoi ce. Pr ovi ded t hathe i sconsi s t e ntw/ hi st heor y and pr ovi ded, f ur t he r ,t hathe cannot r ecov er damages t wi cef ort hesamei nj ur y . Not e : The r ei ss t i l labr e wi ng cont r over s y amongci vi l i s t sw/ r egar dt ot hi squest i on. Thi si sonl ymyopi ni on.

GUTI ERREZVS.GUTI ERREZ [ 56P177]One G,a passenger i n at r uck,r e cov er s damagesi nt heamountofP5, 000f r om t he ownerofa pv t .aut omobi l enoti nt hec ar , t he mac hi ne bei ng oper at e d by a son 18 yr s.ofage ,w/ot he rmember soft hef ami l y accomadat ed t her e i n, and f r om t he c hauffeur and owner of t he t r uc k w/c col l i ded w/ t he pv t . aut omobi l e on a br i dge,causi ngphysi cali nj ur i est oG asa r esul toft heaut omobi l eacci dent . Thehead ofahouse,t heownerof an aut omobi l e,who mai nt ai ns i tf or t he gene...