Obstetrics and Gynaecology Notes PDF

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Obstetrics and Gynaecology Notes Learning from Obstetric Exam Questions.................................................................................................. Table of Contents Learning from Gynae Questions......................................................................................

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Obstetrics and Gynaecology Notes Table of Contents Learning from Obstetric Exam Questions..................................................................................................4 Learning from Gynae Questions................................................................................................................6 Obstetrics and Gynaecology History and Examination..............................................................................8 Obstetrics History..................................................................................................................................................8 Obstetrics Examination.........................................................................................................................................9 Gynaecological History........................................................................................................................................12 Gynaecological Examination................................................................................................................................13

Systemic adaptive changes in Pregnancy................................................................................................17 Ante-Natal Care......................................................................................................................................21 Ante-Natal Screening...........................................................................................................................................22 Congenital Abnormalities....................................................................................................................................23 Alpha Feto-Protein.....................................................................................................................................................................23 Neural Tube Defects and Folic Acid...........................................................................................................................................24

Risk Assessment’s in Pregnancy...........................................................................................................................25 Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in Pregnancy and Risk Assessment......................................................................................25 Anaemia.....................................................................................................................................................................................25 Epilepsy......................................................................................................................................................................................26 Rhesus-D Negative Pregnancy...................................................................................................................................................27

Antenatal Care: Lifestyle Advice..........................................................................................................................28

Maternal Conditions...............................................................................................................................31 Diabetes in pregnancy (gestational and pre-existing)..........................................................................................31 Gestational Hypertension, Pre-Eclampsia, Eclampsia and HELLP.........................................................................33 Obstetric Cholestasis & Pruritus..........................................................................................................................36 Gestational thrombocytopenia vs immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)...................................................................37 Hyperemesis Gravidarum....................................................................................................................................38 Oligohydramnios.................................................................................................................................................39 Small for Gestational Age/Large for Gestational Age...........................................................................................40 Intrauterine Growth Restriction..........................................................................................................................40 Obesity and pregnancy........................................................................................................................................40 Sepsis..................................................................................................................................................................40 Reduced Fetal Movements..................................................................................................................................40 Amniotic Fluid Embolism.....................................................................................................................................41 Infections of Pregnancy.......................................................................................................................................43 Chorioamnionitis.......................................................................................................................................................................43 Group B Streptococcus (GBS).....................................................................................................................................................43 Varicella zoster...........................................................................................................................................................................43 Rubella.......................................................................................................................................................................................44 Hepatitis B.................................................................................................................................................................................45 HIV.............................................................................................................................................................................................45 Urinary tract infection...............................................................................................................................................................46

Pelvic Girdle Pain.................................................................................................................................................46 Multiple Pregnancy.............................................................................................................................................46 Abnormal Fetal Presentation and Lie...................................................................................................................47 Breech Presentation..................................................................................................................................................................47 Transverse and Oblique lie........................................................................................................................................................48

Chest Pain in Pregnancy..........................................................................................................................49 Abdominal Pain in Pregnancy.................................................................................................................50 Bleeding in Pregnancy............................................................................................................................53 Ante-Partum Haemorrhage.................................................................................................................................53 Placental abruption...................................................................................................................................................................53 Placenta praevia........................................................................................................................................................................54 Vasa praevia...............................................................................................................................................................................55

Labour....................................................................................................................................................56 Induction of Labour.............................................................................................................................................57 Bishop Score..............................................................................................................................................................................57

Cardiotocography (CTG).......................................................................................................................................58 Artificial Rupture of Membranes.........................................................................................................................59 Vaginal Delivery..................................................................................................................................................59 Instrumental Delivery................................................................................................................................................................59

Caesarean Section...............................................................................................................................................60

Complications in Labour.........................................................................................................................61 Preterm Labour/Prematurity...............................................................................................................................61 Preterm Prelabour Rupture of Membranes/PPROM/SROM................................................................................61 Cord Prolapse......................................................................................................................................................62 Shoulder Dystocia...............................................................................................................................................62 Perineal Tears......................................................................................................................................................63 Post-Partum Haemorrhage..................................................................................................................................64 Placenta accreta........................................................................................................................................................................66

Puerperium.............................................................................................................................................67 Lochia..................................................................................................................................................................67 Post-Natal Depression.........................................................................................................................................67 Puerperal pyrexia................................................................................................................................................68 VTE/DVT/PE in pregnancy and puerperium.........................................................................................................69 Breastfeeding......................................................................................................................................................70 Galactorrhoea.....................................................................................................................................................71

Early Pregnancy......................................................................................................................................72 Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)......................................................................................................................................72

Miscarriage.........................................................................................................................................................72 Ectopic pregnancy...............................................................................................................................................75 Hydatidiform Mole and other Gestational Trophoblastic Disorders.....................................................................76 Termination of pregnancy...................................................................................................................................77

Normal Menstrual Cycle.........................................................................................................................78

Abnormal Menstrual Cycle......................................................................................................................79 Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding)...........................................................................................................79 Polyps........................................................................................................................................................................................79 Adenomyosis.............................................................................................................................................................................79 Fibroids (Leiomyoma)................................................................................................................................................................80

Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Bleeding).......................................................................................................82 Amenorrhea (Absent Menstrual Bleeding)..........................................................................................................83 Oligomenorrhea (Irregular Menstrual Bleeding)..................................................................................................84 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)...................................................................................................................85

Post-coital Bleeding................................................................................................................................86 Cervical Ectropion...............................................................................................................................................86

Pelvic Pain, Abdominal Pain & Dyspareunia............................................................................................87 Ovarian torsion...................................................................................................................................................89 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease...............................................................................................................................90 Endometriosis.....................................................................................................................................................91

Cysts.......................................................................................................................................................92 Bartholin's Cyst...................................................................................................................................................92 Ovarian cysts.......................................................................................................................................................92

Infertility/Subfertility..............................................................................................................................94 Ovulation induction.............................................................................................................................................95 Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome...................................................................................................................97

Menopause and Perimenopause.............................................................................................................98 Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)................................................................................................................100 Atrophic vaginitis...............................................................................................................................................101 Postmenopausal bleeding.................................................................................................................................102

Urogynaecology...................................................................................................................................104 Incontinence......................................................................................................................................................104 Urogenital Prolapse...........................................................................................................................................105

Gynaecological Cancers........................................................................................................................106 Cervical Cancer..................................................................................................................................................106 Screening for Cervical Cancer..................................................................................................................................................107

Endometrial Cancer...........................................................................................................................................110 Ovarian Cancer..................................................................................................................................................112 Ovarian Tumours.....................................................................................................................................................................113

Vulval Cancer.....................................................................................................................................................114 Breast Cancer....................................................................................................................................................114

Vaginal Discharge.................................................................................................................................115 Vaginal candidiasis............................................................................................................................................115

Surgery and Complications...................................................................................................................117 Safeguarding........................................................................................................................................117 Female genital mutilation..................................................................................................................................117

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