Oceans 320 Unit 5 PDF

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Notes for unit 5 to study for unit quiz....

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HERE ARE SOME OF THE REASONS WHY THIS STORY OF WEATHER RELATES TO OCEAN SCIENCE: ● OCEAN BORN STORMS CAN IMPACT FLOODING AND EROSION RATES IN CALIFORNIA ● EL NINO AND LA NINA CYCLES PLAY A ROLE IN CALIFORNIA WEATHER ● THE OCEAN SYSTEM AND THE LAND SYSTEM ARE INTERCONNECTED ● THE HEAT OF THE OCEAN IS A POWERFUL FORCE WITH WIDE RANGING IMPACTS ● BIG CLIMATE EXCURSIONS IN THE PAST INVOLVED OCEAN TEMPERATURE CHANGES ● THE CHANGES IN OCEAN HEAT DISTRIBUTION CAN FORCE ECOSYSTEM CHANGES 1969 Oil spill QUESTIONS: ● How did the president (Richard Nixon) respond and what legislation was passed in the following year after the spill? Nixon established an environmental council in his Cabinet, and in 1970, Nixon established the Environmental Protection Agency. ● As much as 4.2 million gallons was NOAA's estimate of spill pollution.

WILD SWINGS IN WEATHER ARE ON THE RISE QUESTIONS: ● What are two terms to describe wild swings in weather from this article? “climate whiplash” or “weather whiplash,” ● What do tree ring data for the last 60 years tell us? increase in climate volatility in the last 60 years in Europe ● How and where did climate variability affect the Checkerspot Butterfly? a subspecies that was wiped out in the San Francisco Bay area, partially because of habitat loss — which made them less resilient — but also because annual precipitation and temperatures became more volatile and

caused a mistiming between the emergence of larvae and the plants they feed on

CHANGES TO THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT QUESTIONS: ● What are few kinds of organisms that decrease when the current warms? decreases in certain zooplankton, mid-water fishes and seabirds along the state’s coast have been linked to global warming ● What else is revealed by this long term data set? The average surface water temperature has increased by about almost 3 degrees since 1950 at the Scripps Pier. Coastal waters have become more stratified by temperature, limiting the movement of species. Dissolved oxygen concentrations have decreased in parts of the southern California Current over the past 25 years and low-oxygen zones have spread along the Oregon coast. Nearshore waters are becoming more acidic because of dissolved carbon dioxide and threatening sensitive shellfish. ● How deep does the CC extend? 1,600 feet deep within about 600 miles of the shoreline from British Columbia to Baja California ● How is upwelling involved? The movement of deep waters to the surface circulates nitrates, phosphates and trace metals from below to the top water layers where they can be taken up by phytoplankton, which in turn grow and provide energy other organisms. ● What might change about the upwelling process in the future? reduce the upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich waters off the coast. If that happens, waters stuck near the surface are expected to heat, expand and creep higher onto land more like they have elsewhere.

ECOSYSTEMS AND OCEAN CURRENTS QUESTIONS: ● What are the three primary mechanisms by which El NINOS will effect ecosystems? ○ BRING IN EXOTIC ORGANISMS

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○ STRATIFICATION (WARM OVER COLD) ○ REDUCED UPWELLING AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ■ BOTTOM UP CONTROL ■ LOW OXYGEN ON BOTTOM ■ LOW NUTRIENTS REACHING SURFACE Know what advection means....heat transfer by fluid flow ○ HEAT DISTRIBUTION AND FLOW ○ CHANGES OCCUR TO CLIMATE Give an example of poleward transportation. ○ PELAGIC RED CRABS What is habitat compression? ○ REDUCES HABITABLE AREA IN AN ECOSYSTEM, OFTEN DUE TO HYPOXIA (LACK OF OXYGEN) How does stratification of ocean waters change ecosystems? ○ CAUSES LESS UPWELLING which DEPLETES NUTRIENTS ○ REDUCTION IN PHYTOPLANKTON ○ REDUCTION IN BOTTOM OXYGEN ○ REDUCTION IN OVERALL BIOMASS ○ EXOTIC SPECIES

PLANKTON BLOOMS-● Can you see the patterns caused by ocean currents? Yes lol ● How about the coastal productivity effects? ● Note the seasonal variations. TOXIC BLOOM 2015 ● What was the cause(s) of the 2015 Toxic Bloom? unusually low ratio of silicate to nitrate in the waters of the bay, consisted mostly of one particularly toxic species, Pseudo-nitzschia australis, and that these diatoms contained unusually high concentrations of domoic acid

https://youtu.be/RppuoEkk9cY As we look to the future, acidification might further stress the California Current ecosystem? Yes

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC-Currents and Climate Change POTENTIAL DEEP WATER CIRCULATION CHANGES DEEP CURRENTS AND CLIMATE QUESTIONS: ● What is a deep water conveyor? ● How does the conveyor work? What are driving factors and patterns? Cooling water sinks, currents gain momentum as they go down, lava fields heat up the water, mixing the seawater, warming up rises to the surface, takes 1000 years. ● What are possible changes that are debated to occur as the planet warms? The atlantic current has been slowing down ● AS far as carbon absorption goes, sinking water obviously involves orgainic carbon moving to the ocean floor, but what might change as CO2 continues to build up deep in the ocean? JET STREAM https://youtu.be/uWdKVpQ94Ns https://youtu.be/x1SgmFa0r04 ----------WAVES IN THE ATMOSPHERE FUELING EXTREME WEATHER QUESTIONS: ● What changes in American weather are seen when the jet stream becomes more wave like? They’re weaker, don't move very fast, its cause its warming, more storms ● How do planetary waves relate to arctic warming? They move based off how warm it is ● How do they relate to the so called arctic blast? The peak of the wave isnt near the US and its really wavy

Amplified mid-latitude planetary waves favour particular regional weather extremes

QUESTIONS: ● What are some reasons why Jet streams movements become more wavey? Extreme weather patterns, It has been proposed that the weakening north–south temperature gradient—a key characteristic of anthropogenic climate change—may cause larger amplitude planetary waves ● How does the jet stream both warm certain areas and cool other areas at the same time? ??????

STORM SURF-JET STREAM 250mb MODEL TYPHOON INTESNITY QUESTIONS: ● Why might typhoons be getting stronger in the western Pacific Ocean? The jet stream wind is more erratic ● Why not in the eastern Pacific? More calm and smooth

A TALE OF TWO OCEANSAre we headed to a new PLIOCENE-like time? QUESTIONS: ● A Tale of Two Oceans tells of the big difference between the Pliocene and Pleistocene. What were some of the global changes? (select all that apply) A) a change from a strong thermocline....... to one that promotes more upwelling B) .......significant changes in surface and deep ocean currents C) a change from no ice caps......... to the development of extensive ice caps D) a change from a more permanent EL Nino......... to a more La Nina like normal E) A change from a time of enhanced productivity........ to a time of low productivity

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How much warmer was it in the Pliocene? What was different about ocean ecosystems? What were the eastern Pacific ocean conditions like? What geographic change also made a difference about 3.7 million years ago?

A world without ice PDF The Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum QUESTIONS: ● How fast did carbon accumulate in the atmosphere to cause the PETM climate excursion? ● How does that Eocene rate compare to our anthropogenic rate? ● Looking at the long term climate change in last 65 million years, how much has it cooled off since the peak of the Eocene? ● In what geologic epoch of the Cenezoic did rapid glacial cycling begin?...