Operations Management, 11th Edition, Heizer and Render, Chapter 1 Introduction to Operations Management, Instructor Manual PDF

Title Operations Management, 11th Edition, Heizer and Render, Chapter 1 Introduction to Operations Management, Instructor Manual
Author Maroun Abou Jaoudeh
Course Operations Management
Institution Lebanese International University
Pages 9
File Size 342.4 KB
File Type PDF
Total Downloads 113
Total Views 179

Summary

Chapter 1, Introduction to Operations Management, Instructor Manual
What is Operations Management
Goods and Services
OM Strategy Decisions
The Productivity Challenge...


Description

Chapt e r1 .Ope r a t i onsa ndPr o duc t i vi t y . DISCUSSION QUESTIONS  T 1 .h   t e e   x s t u g g e s   t f s o   u r r e a s o   n   t s o t u d   O yM.   We   wa     n t u o t n d e r s t a n   ( d   1 h ) o   w p e o p   l o e r g a n i z   t e h e ms e l v   e f s o r p r o d u c t i   v e e n t e r p r i s   ( e   2 h , ) o   g w o o   d a   s n s d e r v i c   e a   s p r e r o d u c e   ( d   3 w , ) h   o a t p e r a t i o   n m s a n a g e   d r   s a o   n , (   d 4 t h   ) c i s o s   t p l y a r t   o   f u e c r o n o m   a y   n m d o   e s n t t e r p r i s e s .  P 2 .o s s i b   l e r e s p o n s e   s i n c l u d   e : Ad a m   Smi t   h ( wo r   k s p e c i a l i z a t i o n / d i v i s i o   n o   f l a b o r   ) C ,h a r l e   s Ba b b a g   e ( wo r k s p e c i a l i z a t i o n / d i v i s i o     o n l a f b o   r F ) , r e d e r i   c W k   T . a y l   o ( r s c i e n t i fi   m ca n a g e me n   t Wa ) ,l t   e S r h e wa   ( r s t t a t i s t i c   a s l a mp l i n   a g n d q u a l i   t c y o n t r o   l H ) , e n   r F y o   r ( d mo v i   n a g s s e mb   l i y n   e C ) , h a r l   e S s o r e n s   e ( n mo v i   n a g s s e mb   l i y n   e F ) , r a   n a k   n L d i l l i   a G n i l b r e t h ( mo t i   o s n t u d   y E   Wh ) l , ii t n   e ( s y t a n d a r d i z a t i o n ) .  S 3 .  e r e f e r e nc   e i t   n s h a e ns w   e t Q o r ue s t i o   2 n .  T 4 .h   a e c t u   a c l h a r   t w s   i d l l i ffe   d r , e p e n di n   o g   t n h   s e pe c i fi   o c r g a n i z a t i o   n t h   s e t u d e   n c t h oos   e   t s o d e s c r i b   e T . he i mpor t a   n t h t i   n f i   g o s s r t ude n   t r o s e c o gn i   z t e h   a   o t l l r g a ni z a t i o   n r s e qu i   r   g t e a o r , e a t     e o l r e r s s   e r xt e n   (   t a t ,   h ) t e h r e e p r i ma   r f y u nc t i o   n   o s f pe r a t i on   fi s ,n a n c e / a c c o u n t i n   a g   n , m da r k e t i n   a g   n ; (   d b t h )   t a   h e t e mp h a s   o d i s r e t a i l   e b d r e a k d o wn   o t h f e   s f e u n c t i o     n d i s e pe nde   n   o t   t n h s e pe c i fi   c c omp e t i t i   v s e t r a t e   g e y mpl o y   e   b t d   y h fi er m.  T 5 .  h a e n s w   t e o h   r q i s u e s t i   o m n   a   b s y e i mi   l t a h o   r f a   o Q t r u e s t i   o H 4 n . e   r h e o , we v   e t   r h s , e t u d e   s n h t o u     b l e d e n c o u r a g   e t o d u t i l   i m   z a e o   d r e e t a i l   e k d n o wl e d   p   g o a a   e f e s m tp l o y   e a   n r i n d d i c a     o t t e   n h c e h a   a r d t d i t i o n   i a n l f o r ma t i   o s n u   c a t   h s n e u mb e r   o p f e r s o   n e s mp l o y   e p t o d e r f o r   t m   h v e a r i o   u f u s n c t i o   n a s n   p d e , r h a p   t s   h p , e o s i t i   o o t   n h f e u n c t i o n   a r l e   a w s i t h   t i   n h o e v e r a l l o r g a n i z a t i   o h n i e r a r c h y .  T 6 .h   e b a s   i c f u nc t i o n   o   s fi a f r   m a   r e ma r k e t i n   g a , c c ount i n g / fin a n c   e a , n   d o pe r a t i on   s A .   n i nt e r e s t i n   g c l a s s d i s c us s i o   n “ : D   a o   fi l lr ms / o r g a n i z a t i o   n ( s p r i v a t   e g , o v e r n me n   n t , o t f o r p r ofi   t p ) e r f o r m  t h e   s t e h r e   f e unc t i o ns ?   T ”he a ut h o r   h s ’ ypo t h e   s y i s s e   t s h ,   e d y o .  T 7 .  h   1 e s 0 t r a t e g   d i c e c i s i o   n o o s f p e r a t i o   n m s a n a g e me   n a   t r p e r o d u   d c t e s i g   n q , u a l i   t p y , r o c e s   l s o , c a t i o   l n a , y o u   h t , uma n r e s o ur c e   s u , p pl y c h a   i m na n a g e me n   i t n , v e n t o r   s y c , h e d u l i   n ( g a g g r e g a   t a e   n s d ho   t r e t r m   a ) n   , m da i n t e n a n c   We e   . fi  n t d h i s s t r u c t u     a r e e n x c e l l e   w n t   a h t o y e   l s p t u d e n   o t s r g a n i   z a e   n l e d a   r t   h n m e a t e r i a l .  F 8 .o   u a r e   a t h s   a   t r i e mpo r t a   n t i o m tpr o v i n   l g a b   o p r r o duc t i vi   t a y r   e (   1 : b ) a s   i e c duc a t i o   ( n ba s   i r c e a di n   a g n   m da t h s ki l l s   ( )   2 , d ) i     e o t   t h f l e a b   o f o r r c   e (   3 , s ) oc i   a o l v e r he   a t d h   a ma tk   e l s a b   o a r v a i l a b   l ( e wa t e   s r a , ni t a t i o   n t r , a n s por t a t i o n , e t c   . a )   n , (   d 4 m ) a i n t a i n i   n a g n   e d xpa nd i   n t g   h s e ki   l n l s e c e s s a   r f   y o c r h a n gi   n t g e c hnol o g   a y n   k d no wl e d g   a e w s , e   a f l o l s r t e a mwo   r a k n   m do t i v a t i on . 9 . Pr oduc t i vi   t h i y s a r d     e t m o re a s u   r w e he   t n   h t e a   s b k e c om  e m so   r i e n t e l l e c t u a   A k l . n o wl e d   g s e oc i e   t i y mp l i   e t s h a t wo   r m i k s o   r i e n t e l l e c t u   a   l n t d h e r e f o   r h e a r d   e t m o r e a s u r   B e . e c a u   s t   h e U e .   S a n   . m da   n o y t h   e c r ou n t r i   e a   s r i e n c r e a s i n g l y “ k no wl e d g   e s ” o c i e t i e   s p , r oduc t i v i     t i y h s a r d   e   t r m oe a s ur   e U . s i n   l g a b or ho u     r   a m s a s e a s u   r o   e p f r o d uc t i v i   t f y   o a r p o s t i n d us t r i   s a o l c i e   t v   y   a s i n . d u s t r i   o a l g rr i c u l t u   r s e o c i e   v t i y s e   r d y i ffe r e   n F t   . o e x r a mp   l d e e , c a d   e s s p e   n d t e v e l op i   n a g ma r v e l o   u n s e   d w r   u o w g r i n n   i v   n a e g   r d y i ffic u   l l e t g   c a a l   s   o e i nt e l l e c t u   a p l r ope r   t r y i gh   m t s   a   b y s e i g ni fic a   n f   o t p r os t i ndus t r i   s a o l c i e t i e   b s   u n ,   t s o h t o   m wu   c i t   n h w e   a o p y f r odu c t i vi   t i m ypr o v e me   n m t e a s ur   e i l d n a bor ho ur s . 1  P 0.r odu c t i vi   t i d y s i ffic u     t l me o ta s u   r b e e c a u   s p e r e c i   s u e ni     t o s m fe a s u   r m e  a b   y l e a c ki n   g q , ua l i   t m y  a n y   o b t e c o ns i s t e n   a t n   , e d x o g e no   u v s a r i a bl   e m s   a c y h a n g e . 1 1. Ma   s c s us t o mi z a t i o     n i t s h   fl e e xi b i l i   t   y t p o r o duc     i e o nr d   e   t r o me   e s t pe c i fi   c us t om  e d r e ma nd   s w , i t h out s a c r i fic i n   t g h   l e o   w c o     s   o p t a f r odu   c o t r i e nt e   p d r oc e s   s R . a p   i p d r odu   c d t e v e l o pme   n   i s a s t o ur   c   o e c f o mpe t i t i v e a d v a nt a g   B e . o   t r h e   o   l a y n gi l i   t w y i t h   i t   n h o e r g a ni z a t i on. 1 2. La b   o p r r o duc t i vi     t i t y n   h s e e r v i   c s e e c t   o h i s r a   r t i d o mp r o   v b e e c a u   s (   e 1 m ) a   n s y e r vi c   e a   s r l e a b   o i n r t e ns i   v a e nd (   2 t h )   e a y   r i n e di vi du a l   l ( y p e r s on a l l   y p ) r o c e s s   e ( d t   h c e us t om  e p i s r a y i   n f   g o t h r   a s e t r v i c e —t   h h e a   c i r u   t   (   ) m 3 i , t )   a b y e   a i n n t e l l e c t u   a t a l   s p k e r f o r me   b   d p y r o f e s s i o na   l ( s   4 , i o s ) t f t   e d n i ffic u     t l m o te c ha ni   z a e n   a d ut oma t   e a , n   ( d   5 o ) f t e n d i ffic u   t e l o v t a l ua   f t   o e q r ua l i t y .

ETHICAL DILEMMA AMERI CANCARBATTERYI NDUSTRY Yo   m u   a w y a   n t b o t e g   i t n   h d e i s c u s s i o     b n a y s ki   n h g o   w e t hi   c   f   i a o y t s l r o   t   b u o i t n e   h l e   a b d a t t e   r b y u s i n e   s w s h   e y n o u kn o   w t h   a   t n b y a t t e r i   e y s   o r u e c y c   l w e   i v l l e   r l y i k e   l fi yn   t d h e   w i r   a t   a y o n v e r s e   a f a s c i l i   t ( y p r o b a b   l Me yx i c   o w ) i t   h a t , b e   s m t , a r gi n   a p l o l l ut i o   c n o nt a i n me n   T t . h   e a n f   t   l e i a k r e   l c y o nc l u s i o     o “ n f We   s l o l me o   n h e   a t p o s r o v i   d b e a t t e r i e   s y ” o u c   a m n o   v t   o h e f e o l l o wi   n d g i s c u s s i o n. ( a )A   o s wne   o   r a f   n i n de pe nde n   a t ut   o r e p a   i s r h o   p t r yi n   t g   o di s pos   o   e f a f e   w o l   b d a t t e r i e   e s a c   h we e k   y , ou   o r p t i o n s m  a   b y l e i mi t e   d B .     u a   a e t s n t h i c   a o l pe r a t o   y r , o   u fi rr   o s t pt i   o t p i n o s   u p t r e s s u   r   o e y n o   u b r a t t e   r s y up pl i   e t o r a k e y o   u o   r l b d a t t e r i e   A s . l t e r na t i v e   l s y h , o   f b   p o a a r t t e   r s y upp l i   e t h r   w a t a n   y t s o   u b r u s i n e   s e s no u g   t d h o i s p o     s o y e f our o   l b d a t t e r i e   T s . h i r   d b , e c a u   s t e h e   o r i s e b v i o u   s m   l a y a r k   e f   o t   h r l e   a i o d n   l b d a t t e r i e   s o , m   a e g gr e s s i   v d e i gg i n g m  a u y nc o v   e   a i r n ma gi n a t i   v r ec y c l   e w r h   c o   a w no   r o k   u   a e t n c o nomi c   a l r r a n g e me   n f   o t p r i c ku     o d p r e l i v e   r o y f y o   u o   r l b d a t t e r i e   A s . not h   e o r p t i o     i   n o s c , f our s   t e d o , i s c ont i n   u t e   h s e a     l o b e f a t t e r i e   s ( T .   h p   a i r s ob l e   m f   o m r a n y

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s ma   l b l us i n e s s e   s e ; t h i c   a d l e c i s i o n   a s n   d r e g ul a t i o   n ma   y b   s e u c   h t h   a t t h e   y o f t e   p nl a c   a e   n e xp e ns i v   a e n d d i s pr o por t i o na   b t e u r d     e s   o a n ma n  fi l lr m   . ) ( b) A   ma s na g   e   o r l a f a r g   r e e t a i l   e r r e s po ns i b   l f e o   d r i s p os   a o   l t f hou s a nd   o   s u f s e   d b a t t e r i e   e s a c   h we e   k y , o   s u h oul d h a   v l e i t t   l t e r ou b   l fi e ndi   n   b a g a t t e   r s y up pl i   e w r   i   r t a e h v e r   s s e u pp   l c y ha   i s n ui t a b   l f   e o d r i s po s     a o o l   f l b d a t t e r i e s . I nde   e s   a d o , ph i s t i c a t   e r d e t a i l   e e r a , r   l   o y i a n   n s y u pp l y c h a   i d n e v e l op me   n p t r o c e s   i s n , c l u d   e r e s s p on s i b   d l e i s po s a l   o e f n v i r o n me n t a l   l d y a n g e r o   u m s a t e r i   a p l s a     o r t   t h f n e e g o t i a t i o n   D s . i s pos     a o o l   f l b d a t t e r i   e s s h ou   l   b m d a e i n o r i s s   u f l   e a o r   g r e t a i l e r . F   o b r o     s t a m ha   a l n   l l d a r   g r et a i l e   t r   h , s e o l u t i   o t fi i o n s  n “   a s d u s t a i na b l   e s ” o l u t i   o   o g n   r e o   t u o t   h t f b e a t t e   r b y us i n e s s . Bu r yi n   t g   h b e a t t e r i   e b s e h i   n t d   h s e t o   r n i e s   o   a o t n p t i o   n S . upp l e me n t5 :S us t a i n abi l i t yi nt heS u p pl yChai np r o vi de s s om   g e ui d e l i n   e f d   o a s e r e p   c e l r a   s d s i s c u s s i o n .

END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS 1 . 1

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1 . 2

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( b)



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(   c C ) h a n   g i p e n r od uc t i v   i   0 = t y . 1 2   b 5 o x e s / hou r 0 . 1   2 b 5 oxe s   c h a nge 3 . 0

r c e n t a ge (   d) Pe

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e mpl oy   e t a   d h t p e l a n t

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(   a L ) a b   o p r o duc t i v i   1 t i y s 6   v 0 a l v e s / 8   h 0 o   u   v   2 = r a s l v   e p   s e h r ou r . (   b N )e   l w a b   o p r o duc t i v   i   1 t = y   8 v 0 a l   v   8   h e / 0 o s u     2 = r . s 2   v 5 a l v   e p   s e h r ou r (   c P ) e r c e n t a   g c e h a n   g i p e n r od uc t i v   i   . t =   2 y v 5 a   l   v v 2   a e / l s v     1 e = 2 s . 5%

1 . 5

1 . 6

Bur e   a   o u L f a b   o S r t a t i s t i   c ( s t a t s . bl s . g o     v g i a o s ) o   p d l a   c   t s e o t a   r R t . e s ul   t w s   i v l l a   r f y   o e r a   c y h e a   b r , u t o v e r a   d l l a   f t   o a t   h r e e c ono m   w y   i r l a l n   g f e r o   m . 9   % t 4 o . 8%,   a   n m df   c g o . u     l b a h d e s i   g a 5 h   s % a n   s d e r v i c e s b e t we   e 1 n   % a n   2 d %.   Th   d e a   t w a   i v l l a   r e y v e   m no   r f e   o m ro nt   h   o s q r ua r t e r   s T .   h d e a   t a a   r f e r e q u e n t l y r e v i s e   o d f , t   e s n u b s t a n t i a l l y .

1. 16

6, 6  0 v 0 ans         ( x labor-hours   0  00labor-hours x=66,

The   r a   e r 3 e 0   l 0 a b or e   r S s . o, 6 6, 0 0   l 0 a b o r h our s     2 =   2 l 0 a bor h our s / l a bo r   e   o a r n ve r a g   p e   e , mo rn t h 3   0 l 0 a bor e r s

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6 , 60   v 0 a ns  ( b )   No w     =   0. 11   , s o   x 6 0 , 0 00   l a b or hour s   l a b or ho ur s x 6 0, 0   0 l 0 a bor hou r s        3 00   l a b or e r s   o a n ve r a g   p e   e mo , rnt h

Resource

1 . 7

Last Year 1,000

Labor

300 1,000

Resin

50

=3.33

=20

1,000

Capital

10,000 1,000

Energy

3,000

1 . 8 Production Labor hr. @ $10 Resin @ $5 Capital cost/month Energy

=0.1

=0.33

This Year 1,000 275 1,000 45

=3.64

0.31

=22.22

2.22

=0.09

–0.01

1,000 11,000 1,000 2,850

Change

=0.35

Last Year

This Year

1,00 0 $3,000 250 100 1,50 0 $4,850

1,00 0 $2,750 225 110 1,42 5 $4,510

Out put I nput  

  La b or

6 5 65   p r o duc t i v i t y ( 520   ×     13) $6 , 76 0

  . = 0 09   r 6 u   g p   s e l a r b   o $ r   t i f a c t o r ( b)Mul p r od uc t i v i t y( 52 0×$ 13)+( 1 00×$ 2 0×$ 5 0)    5)+(          6 5 = =. 0 0 7 8 7 $ 8 , 2 6 0

0.1 0.02

0.02

(   c Mu )l t i f a c t   o p r od u c t i v i   t c y h a n g   e f r s o   m 1 , 0 00 / 4 0 , 0   0 t 1 0 o , 0 0 0/ 3 9 , 0 0   0 o f r , o   m 0 . 0   2 t 5 o 0 . 0 2 5 6   4 t   h ; r a e   t   1 i o s . 0 2 5     s 6 t o   h , c e h a n   2   g a i . s e 5 6   % i nc r e a s e .

( a )

=9.3%

=11.1%

 0.01

(   a L ) a b   o p r o duc t i v   i   1 t = y , 00   t 0 i r e s / 4   0 h 0 o u     2 = r   . t s 5 i r e s / hou r . (   b Mu )l t i f a c t   o p r oduc t i v i   1 t i y s , 0   0 t 0 i r e s / ( 4   0 × 0 $ 12.     5 2 + 0, 0     0 $ × + 0 1 5 , 0   0   $ + 0 10 , 00   0 = ) 1 , 00   t 0 i r e s / $40 , 0   0   = 0 . 0   2 t 5 i r e s / dol l a r .

r o   d uct i v   i   = t y 1 . 8

2.22 20

0. 2 0   60 . 22 2 0. 016                           0. 206 0. 206    7 . 8   % i mpr o v e me nt *   w * i   t r h ou ndi     d n t 3 g e o c i m  p a l a c e s .

1 . 1 0

0.31 3.33

[ ( 1, 000/4 , 85 0   )( 1, 00 0/4 , 510 ) ]  ( 1, 000/4, 850 )

1 . 9

Percentage Change

  r u g s

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0.33

=  10.0%

=6.1%

1 . 1 1 Labor hrs.

Last Year

This Year

Change

1,500

1,500

0.33

350

Capital invested

=4.29

1,500 15,000 1,500

Energy (btu)

3,000

=0.10

=0.50

325

=4.62

1,500 18,000 1,500 2,750

=0.08

=0.55

Pr od u c t i v i   t o c y f a pi t   a d   l i d d r o   p l a ; b   o p r od u c t i v i   t i y n c r e a s   e   a d d   s i e d n e r g   b y     , u b l y t e   s t h s   a n t   h a e n t i c i p a t   e 1 d 5 % Mu l t i f a c t   o p r r odu c t i vi   t i y s :

1 . 1 2

1 . 1 3

3 7   a 5 ut os / [ ( $     2 1 × 0, 00     ( 0 + $ ) 1 , 0   0   5 × 0   0 + ) (   $   1 × 3 00, 00   0   3 = ) 7 ] 5 / ( 200 , 0   0   5 + 00 , 00   + 0 3 00, 00     3 0 = 7 ) 5/ 1 , 000, 0 00   . = 0003 7   a 5 ut   o p   s e d r ol l   o a i n r f p ut s

1 . 17

$  ou t p u t 52( $90 )+80( $19 8) = Labor-hours   ( 4 8 5 ) 2 0, 520 = =$ 57. 00 labor-hour   pe r 3 60

  (   a B   ) e   f o   r   5 e   : 0   0/   2   = b 0 5   o x     e p   s e h r o ur ;

1 . 1 4

Af t   e 6 r 5 , 0 /     2 = 4 7 . 0 8 (   b 2 ) 7 . 08 / 2 5 o 8 e f . 3   % i p n r o du c t i vi t y (   N c ) e   l w a b   o p r o duc t   i   7   = 2 v =   0 4 / i 9   t 0 . y 1   67 r

1 . 1 5

1 , 5     0 1 × 0 .   2   1 = 5 , 8   7 ( 5 ne   d w e ma n d) Out put s     P = r o duc t i v i t y I npu t s 1 , 87 5     2 = . 3 44 La bo r ho ur s 1 , 87 5  Ne w   p r o c e s s   =   2 . 34 4 8 00     w   5 = or k e r s 1 60 1 , 500 Cu r r e nt   pr oc e s s= l a bor hou r s 1 , 50 0      = l a bor hou r s 6 4 0 2 . 344 6 40     w   4 = or k e r s 1 60

8 00

Ad   o d   n w e o r k e r .

1 . 1 6

(   a L ) a b   o c r h a n g e :

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Percent Change = 7.7%

4.29

 0.02

= –20%

0.1 0.05 0.50

= 10%

1 , 50 0 1, 50 0   =   ( 640   ×   $8 ) 5, 12 0

  =   . 293

1 , 87 5     0 = . 2 9   l 3 oa ve s / $ ( 8     0 $ × 0 8 ) (   b I ) n v e s t me   n c h t a n g e : 1 , 50 0 1, 50 0   =   ( 640   ×   $8 ) 5, 12 0

  =   . 293

1 , 8 75 1, 875   =   ( 6 40   ×   8)   +   ( 10 0) 5 , 220   ( c )  

1 . 1 7

1. 15

   

  =   . 35 9

. 2 93–. 29 3   Pe r c e nt c ha n ge   : . 2 93 . 3 59–. 2 93         Pe r c e nt . 2 93   2   = 2   . 5   % ( i n ve s t me n t )

1, 500  ( 6408     ) + 50  0   + ( 1, 500 0. 35 ) 1, 500 = =0. 244 6, 145 1, 875 Ne   p w   r o     c = e   s s ( 8008     ) + 50   0   + ( 1, 875 0. 35 ) 1, 875 = =0. 248 7, 556. 25 0. 248–0. 244 Pe r c e nt   c ha nge     = 0. 244 O  l p   d r o     c = e   s s

ADDITIONAL HOMEWORK PROBLEM pe a r s o ng l o ba l e di t i ons . c om/ he i z e r . Pr o bl e m1 . 1 8a ppe a r sa twww. my o ml ab. c o ma ndwww. 1 . 1 8

1  . 18 =

1, 500  ( 3508     + ) ( 15, 000 0. 0083     ) + ( 3, 000 0. 6) 1 , 50 0  2 , 8 00 1 24. 50 1 , 8 0 0 1 , 500  0. 31     d $ 7   o / z 4 , 72 4. 5 1 50 0 Th   y i s e a r=   ( 325 8     + ) ( 1 8, 000 0 . 0 08 3     + ) ( 2, 7 50 0 . 6 ) 0 . 3   4   d $ 1   o / z

0 . 34 1 0. 31 7 Pe r c e n t   c ha n ge     =     0. 317 

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CASE STUDY NORWEGI ANSALMONPROCESSI NG F ACI LI TY, TRONDHEI M

  1 .Wh   a   i t s h   p e r o du c t i vi t   y o   t f h   p e r o c e s s i n   f g a c i l i t   u y s i n   g t h   e qu i p me n   c t u r r e n t   l y i   u n s e ? T  h c e ur r e   n m t ul t i f a c t   o p r oduc t i vi   3 t i y s . 5   u 3 n   i o t s ut p   u p   t e d r o l l a r .  Wh 2 .  w a t o u   l t   d h p e r o duc t i vi     t o t y   h f p e l a   n b t e c ome     t i   h f n e e   s w y s...


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