Order Coleoptera and some economics important family PDF

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Summary

Detail characteristics features of order Coleoptera and economics important family of its...

Description

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Order Coleoptera 

The order name Coleoptera is derived from Greek (koleos = sheath; pteron = wing) and alludes to the thickened forewings that protect the hind wings. This order contains about 166 families and >300,000 described species of insects and is the largest of the insect orders. More than 25,000 described species occur in the United States, with many undescribed species.

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This order is a favorite among collectors, and many amateurs specialize in collecting select families of beetles.

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Beetles have mouthparts adapted for chewing and antennae that are exceedingly variable in segmentation and shape. The prothorax is well developed; the mesothorax is generally reduced; the abdomen is broadly joined to the thorax.

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Beetles usually have two pairs of wings, although some beetles lack them and other species have highly modified wings.

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The forewings are called elytra (Greek, elytron = cover, sheath). Elytra are thickened, usually hard or leathery, lack veins, and often are sculptured or display pits and grooves. Elytra usually meet in a straight line dorsally along the middle of the back.

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The hindwings are membranous and are folded under the forewings when the insect is at rest. Several anatomical types of larvae occur within the order.

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Beetles have invaded almost every conceivable aquatic and terrestrial habitat. They feed on plants and fungi. Plantfeeding beetles may be found in association with every part of a plant, from flowers to roots. Some beetles are external feeders; other species mine leaves or bore into the stalk. Many phytophagous species are serious economic pests. In contrast, some beetles are predators of other insects and are viewed as beneficial insects.

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Order Coleoptera 

Predaceous species of Coccinellidae are used in biological control. Some species of beetles develop as parasites, and many species of beetles are scavengers. Some beetles are inquilines (welcome or unwelcome guests) in nests of social insects (termites and ants). Dermestid beetles feed on dead insects and can be a problem in stored products unless protective measures are taken.

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Within Coleoptera, four modern lineages (treated as suborders) are recognized: Archostemata, Adephaga, Polyphaga, and Myxophaga.

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Adephaga is diverse, second in size only to Polyphaga.

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Aedephaga - the first abdominal sternum is divided by the hind coxae

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Polyphaga - the first abdominal sternum is undivided

The most speciose included family is Carabidae, or ground beetles, with a predominantly predaceous feeding habit

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Order Coleoptera 

Beetle identification requires you to become familiar with antennal shapes, tarsi (formulas, shapes of segments) mouthparts (labial and maxillary palpi), ventral characters (sterna, pleura, coxae), and other morphological characters.

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Size and color of specimens will not usually help you identify beetle families unless you are already familiar with the morphological characters that identify each family.

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Therefore, do not try to remember families from pictures or by size and color. There is too much variation. Learn the morphology that sets each family apart.

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Order Coleoptera 

Major Families

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Staphylinidae (rove beetles) -- scavengers and herbivores; elytra are characteristically shorter than the abdomen

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Curculionidae (weevils, snout beetles) -- herbivores; many species are pests of agricultural crops and stored grains. Chewing mouthparts are at the tip of a proboscis

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Carabidae (ground beetles) -- predators; many beneficial species including the fiery hunter, Calosoma calidum

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Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles) -- herbivores; includes many pests of agricultural crops. Most species have distinctive shapes or color patterns (e.g., Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata).

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Major Families

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Scarabaeidae (lamellicorn beetles, June beetles, scarab beetles) -- herbivores; robust beetles with heavy spines on femur and tibia. Distinctive lamellate antennae. Usually live in the soil as larvae and feed on plant roots. Includes many pest species, including the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica.

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Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) -- herbivores; found in flowers, rotting wood, and occasionally as pests of stored grain. Most abundant in arid climates.

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Cerambycidae (longhorned beetles) -- herbivores; all larvae are wood borers. Adults have distinctively long antennae. A few species are pests of wood and wood products.

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Order Coleoptera 

Major Families

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Elateridae (click beetles) -- herbivores; larvae are known as wireworms. Some species feed destructively on the roots of crop plants. When adults are turned on their back, they can snap (click) the head and abdomen against the substrate to right themselves.

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Buprestidae (metallic wood borers) -- herbivores; larvae are known as flat-headed wood borers. Some species are forestry pests.

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Coccinellidae (lady beetles) -- most adults and larvae are predators of aphids and scale insects, but a few species are pests of agricultural crops (e.g., Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis).

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Other noteworthy families include:

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Cicindellidae (tiger beetles) : predators

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Dytiscidae (predaceous diving beetles) : large aquatic predators

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Gyrinidae (whirligig beetles) -- aquatic predators

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Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles) --- scavengers and predators

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Silphidae (carrion beetles) – scavengers

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Lampryidae (fireflies) – herbivores

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Dermestidae herbivores

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Nitidulidae (sap beetles) -- scavengers and herbivores

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Meloidae (blister beetles) -- larval parasites, adult herbivores

(carpet

beetles)

--

scavengers

and

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Order Coleoptera 

Other noteworthy families include:

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Scolytidae (bark beetles) – herbivores

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Passalidae (wood-boring beetles) – herbivores

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Cantharidae (soldier beetles) -- herbivores and predators

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