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The Emergence, Direction, and Sustainability of New Organizational Structures During COVID-19...

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1 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19

TheEme r g e nc e , Di r e c t i o n, andSus t ai na bi l i t yo fNe wOr g a ni z a t i ona lSt r uc t ur e sDur i ng COVI D19

Ca nd i c eMa r k Sc h oo lofBus i ne s s , Li b e r t yUn i v e r s i t y

Aut horNot e Ca nd i c eMa r k Iha v en okno wnc o nfli c tofi nt e r e s tt od i s c l o s e . Co r r e s po nd e nc ec on c e r ni n gt hi sa r t i c l es ho ul db ea dd r e s s e dt oCa nd i c eMa r k. Ema i l :c ma r k2 @l i be r t y . e du

2 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19 Abs t r ac t COVI D1 9d i s r up t e db us i ne s s e sa ndor g a ni z a t i o nsa c r os st h egl ob e . Asr e mot ewor k, o nl i nel e a r ni n g , a nds oc i a ldi s t a nc i n gp r o t oc ol sbe c ome‘ t hene xt no r ma l ’ , t he r eh a v ebe e na n d c o nt i nu et ob es i g ni fic a nt de vi a t i o nsormod i fic a t i o nst ot r a di t i o na l , h i e r a r c hi c a l , a ndc e nt r a l i z e d s t r uc t u r e s .Thema i nf e a t u r e so fmo de r ns t r uc t u r e si nc l ud et h ei nc or p or a t i ono fa gi l eor g a ni z a t i on a n dr e mo t ec o l l a bo r a t i on ,i n c r e a s e dd e pe nde nc eonvi r t ua lc a pa b i l i t i e si n s t e a dofma t e r i a la s s e t s , a n da do p t i o nofa l t e r na t i v ef or msofh i e r a r c h i e s . The s ef e a t ur e smu s tb ea na l yz e di nt e r msof wh a tt he yb r i n gt oo r g a ni z a t i on a ls t r uc t ur ea ndwha tl i mi t a t i o nst h e yp r e s e nti ne ns ur i n g c o nt i nu e dp r od uc t i vi t ya ndi nn o v a t i o n, t ode t e r mi n ewh e t h e rt he ywi l lho l dwa t e ri nt h el on gr u n g i v e nt ha tc ur r e nt e ffor t sa r eb e i n gma det or e o pe nt h ee c on omya ndr e t u r nt on or ma lo pe r a t i on s a ss oo na spo s s i bl e . At ho r ou g hr e vi e wofc ur r e ntl i t e r a t u r eonor g a ni z a t i on a lc ha l l e n g e si nt h e p a s ta n dt hee v o l ut i o no fb us i ne s ss t r u c t ur e si sd on et os pe c ul a t eont h eb e s tor g a ni z a t i on a l s t r uc t u r et of a c i l i t a t epr o du c t i vi t yd ur i n gt i me sofn a t i o na la ndg l ob a l c r i s i s . Ke y wor ds :or g a ni z a t i o na ls t r uc t ur e , c o v i d1 9, mo de r nor g a ni z a t i on s

3 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19 TheEme r g e nc e , Di r e c t i on, a ndSus t ai nabi l i t yo fNe wOr g ani z a t i o nalSt r uc t ur e sDur i ng COVI D19 Thee c on omi cc r i s i sc a us e db yt hec or on a v i r u sha sdr a s t i c a l l yc ha n g e dt h ewa ype o pl e wor k . I th a sbe c omene c e s s a r yt or e c o g ni z ea n da n a l y z et her e s ul t i n ge me r g e n c eofne wf or msof o r g a ni z a t i on a ls t r uc t u r ea ndwhe t he rno tt he s es t r u c t u r e sma yp r e v a i le v e na f t e rt h ewo r l dr e t ur ns t ono r ma l .Th eg l ob a lwor k f r omho meph e no me naha sc r e a t e ds c op ef orn e we r , c r e a t i v eme t ho ds o fc ol l a b or a t i on , e n g a g e me n t , a ndma na g e me n t( Bu s s e&We i dne r , 20 20 ) . Th evi r u s p r e v e nt i on r ul e sa ndpr ot oc ol s ,s uc ha ss oc i a ldi s t a nc i n gme a s ur e s , ha v ec r e a t e di nt e r e s t i n gc ha l l e n g e sf o r i n du s t r i e st h a tr e q ui r eha nd s on , i npe r s onl a bo r( f ori n s t a nc e , ma nu f a c t u r i n g , r e a le s t a t e , d e l i v e r y s e r vi c e s , e t c . )t ha tr e q ui r ee q u a l l yc r e a t i v es o l ut i on s( Sha r ma ,2 02 0) . Wi t hvi r t u a lt e a mst a ki n g t hepl a c eoft r a di t i on a l ,i noffic es t a ff( e v e nwi t hi nn on i nt e r na t i on a lc o mpa ni e s ) , i ti svi t a lt o e n s ur ep r od u c t i vi t ya ndt e a me ffe c t i v e ne s s( My s i r l a ki&Pa r a s k e v a , 20 20 ) , wh i c hma ye i t he r s uffe rg i v e nt h el a c ko fs up e r vi s i ona ndbl u r r e dl i ne sbe t we e nt hewor ka ndpe r s on a ll i f e ( Ca r n e v a l e&Ha t a k,2 02 0) , o rs i gn i fic a nt l yi mpr o v et h r ou g ht hea l l o wa n c eo fmor efle x i bi l i t y a n da ut on omyi nc omp a n ys t r uc t ur e s( Mr ó wka&Pi nd e l s ki , 20 11 ) . I nt h ef a c eofun c e r t a i n t y ,o r g a ni z a t i on swi l lne e dt oc ho os ewh e t h e rt h e ywa ntt ob e r e a c t i v eo rp r oa c t i v ei no r de rt os ur vi v e( Sh a r mae ta l . , 20 20 ) .Tod os o , or g a ni z a t i on swi l lbe r e q ui r e dt ot a k es t e pst oe ns ur et h e i rmot i v a t i on sa r ei nt h er i gh tpl a c e( Pa r s on se ta l . , 20 21 ) , s o t ha tt he r ei sc o nt i nu i t yi nop e r a t i on sa ndbu s i n e s si sno tb r ou g htt oac omp l e t eha l t . Th e s es t e ps i n c l ud er e s po nd i n g , r e c o v e r i n g , a ndr e i ma gi n i n g , a sp ur po r t e db yMa t he r( 2 02 0) , wh e r e i nfir ms ma yb er e a c t i v ei ft h e ys t opa tt hefir s tt wos t e psbu tpr oa c t i v ei ft he yi nc or po r a t et het hi r ds t e p a n de n c ou r a g ei nn o v a t i v ewa y st oc op ewi t h“ t hene x tn or ma l ”( Ma t he r , 20 20 , p.5 79 ) . Forfir ms t of a l li nt oon eoft het woc a t e g o r i e s , a g i l e ,d e c e nt r a l i z e d ,s t r uc t u r e sn e e dt obei np l a c et o

4 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19 wi t hs t a ndt hed i ffic ul t i e spr e s e n ti napa nd e mi c bu r de n e de c o no mya nda l l o wf o rc on t a c t l e s s s e r vi c e sa ndt r a de , s e a ml e s st r a ns i t i o ni n gi nt or e mo t ewor ke n v i r on me nt s , a nds hi f t i n gwa yf r o m s i n g l es ou r c e ds up pl i e s( Ma t h e r , 20 20 ;Bus s e&We i dn e r , 20 20 ) . TheBi bl ei sv e r yc l e a ri ni t sc omma nd sf orCh r i s t i a n sonde a l i n gwi t hu nc e r t a i n t y . Chr i s t Hi ms e l fi n s t r uc t e dHi sdi s c i pl e sno tt owo r r ya bo utl i f e , f o od , orc l o t h i n g( Ne wKi n gJ a me s Ve r s i on ,19 82 / 20 13 , Luk e12 : 22 ) . Th es a meGodwhoc a r e sf ort heb i r dsi nt hes ky , t h eflo we r si n t hewi l d, a n dt heg r a s si nt hegr ou nd , i . e . ,t ho s el i vi n gt h i n g st ha tdono tl a s tl on ge no u ghf o r a n y on et obec on c e r ne da bo utt he m,c a r e ss omu c hmo r ef orHi sp e op l e( Ne wKi n gJ ame s Ve r s i on ,19 82 / 20 13 , Luk e12 : 24 28 ) .Thewor l d, s i nc et hea nn ou nc e me nt oft hec o r o na vi r u s , we n ti n t oc ompl e t epa n de mo ni uma ndma dee v e r ye ffor tt os t opa l la c t i vi t ya ndl i mi ta l ls o c i a l c o nt a c ti nor de rt op r e v e n td e a t ha n di l l ne s s . Ho we v e r , h i s t o r ya n dt hepr e s e nt ha ss ho wnt ha t o nl ys omu c hc a nbedo net oa v oi db e i n gs i c ks i nc ewea r ea l lbu thu ma na n dc a nn ot a ddas i n g l e h ou rt oou rl i v e sb ywor r y i n g( Ne wKi n gJ ame sVe r s i on ,19 82 / 20 13 , Lu k e12 : 25 2 6) . Wi t ht ha ti n mi n d, i tma k e ss e n s et h a tChr i s t i a n ss ho ul dno twor r ya bo utt hef ut ur ei ft h e i rf ut u r er e s t sfir ml y i no url o vi n ga ndc a r i n gGod , f oron l yt hef a i t h l e s swor r ya b ou twha tGo da l r e a d ykn o wswea l l n e e d( Ne wKi n gJ ame sVe r s i on ,19 82 / 20 13 , Lu k e1 2 : 30 ) . Ch a n g ei sapa r tofgr o wt ha ndl i f e , of c o ur s e , bu twor r ya ndr e s t r i c t i onoff r e e do ma n df un da me nt a lr i gh t st ha ta r eGod o r da i ne df ora l l ma nki nd , i s , q ui t eh on e s t l y , apr od uc tofh uma nc or r u pt i ona ndmus tne v e rb et h es ol eb a s i sf or d e c i s i o nma ki n g . Con s i de r i n gh i s t o r y , s c i e nc e , a ndpo l i t i c s , or g a ni z a t i on swoul dd owe l lt oh e e d af a i t h f ul Go dmo r et h a nt he yh e e df a l l i bl epe o pl e( Mi t c he l l ,2 01 2) . TheEv ol ut i ono fOr g ani z a t i ona lSt r uc t ur e s Gi v e nt hewor l d’ sl a r g e l yi r r a t i o na la l a r mo v e rt h ev i r u s , t r a di t i o na lor g a ni z a t i on a l s t r uc t u r e sh a v es i g ni fic a nt l yl e s sofar ol et opl a yi nt od a y ’ sbu s i ne s se n v i r o nme n t , a c c o r di n gt o

5 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19 v a r i ou ss c h ol a r swhos u gg e s tmul t i pl ea l t e r na t i v e st oc l a s s i cor g a ni z a t i ona lde s i gn si na c hi e vi n g c o nt i nu ou sp r od uc t i vi t ya mi d s tt heg l oba lc ha o s , bu s i ne s si nt e r r up t i on s , a ndi nc r e a s e dr e l i a nc e o nt e c hn ol o gy( Bu s s e&We i dn e r , 2 02 0;Es c r i ge ta l . , 2 02 0;Ma t he r , 20 20 ;Mr ó wka&Pi nd e l s ki , 2 01 1) . Cl a s s i cs t r u c t u r e sha v eh a dt he i rp l a c ei no r g a n i z a t i o nsf ora g e s , gi v e nt hedi s pa r i t yi n a c c e s st oe du c a t i o n, e xp e r i e nc e ,i n f or ma t i ona ndc ommun i c a t i onc a pa bi l i t i e s , l e a di n gt od i ffe r i n g l e v e l sofc ompe t e n c ea ndt he r e f or e , di ffe r e ntl e v e l sofh i e r a r c h y( Mr ó wk a&Pi n de l s ki , 20 11 ) . As t e c hn ol o gya d v a nc e da nda l l o we df ort h ei nc r e a s e ds pr e a dofi n f or ma t i on ,t r a di t i on a l , c e nt r a l i z e d, h i e r a r c h i c a lor g a ni z a t i on a ls t r u c t u r e sb e g a nt oe v o l v edu r i n ga nda f t e rt het we nt i e t hc e nt ur yi nt o n e t wor kso re c os y s t e msofbu s i ne s s e sa ndg l ob a l e nt e r p r i s e s( J a r i l l o , 1 98 8) .Th e s ef or msof s t r uc t u r e sdoi nd e e do ffe rmor er oo mf orfle xi bi l i t y , i nd e pe nd e nc e ,a n dp a r t i c i pa t i v ede c i s i o nma ki n gp o we r ,y e tt he yr e ma i ne dl a r g e l yc e nt r a l i z e da son eun i torh e a dq u a r t e r st yp i c a l l y r e t a i ne dmo s toft hede c i s i on ma ki n ga ut h or i t ya n dc o r ec ompe t e nc i e s( Mr ó wka&Pi nd e l s ki , 2 01 1) . Th us , a l t ho u ghbu s i ne s sd i vi s i on sa r ou ndt hewo r l dc on t r ol t h e i rr e s pe c t i v eu ni t sf a i r l y a u t on omo us l y , t he ya r ede pe n de nt one a c ho t he ra nda r er e q u i r e dt os e ndr e po r t sba c kt o h e a dq u a r t e r s , s ho wi n gs o mede gr e eofc e nt r a l i z a t i o no fkn o wl e d g eora c t i v i t i e shi g hi nt hev a l ue c ha i n( Le ee ta l . , 2 02 0) . Themo s tr e c e nta d v a nc e me nti nor g a ni z a t i on a ls t r u c t ur ec oi n c i de swi t ht hec on s t a nt i mpr o v e me nt sa ndi nn o v a t i o nsi nt e c hn ol o g ya ndt e l e c o mmuni c a t i o ns y s t e ms , whi c hh a v egi v e n b i r t ht ov i r t ua lne t wor kor g a ni z a t i on sorpl a t f or me n t e r p r i s e s( Da f t , 20 21 ;Al a bae ta l . , 2 01 8) . Vi r t ua lne t wor kor g a ni z a t i o nsr e f e rt oagr o upofi nd i vi du a l , i nd e pe nde nt fir mst h a tj oi nf or c e s t e mp or a r i l yt op r od uc eas e r vi c eorpr od uc ta ndme e tc on s u me rd e ma ndi ns t a nt a ne ou s l y( Da f t , 2 02 1;Al a bae ta l . , 20 18 ) , wh i l ed i gi t a lpl a t f o r msc on ne c tpr od uc e r sa n dc o ns ume r sa nda l l o w d i r e c tc ommun i c a t i onbe t we e nt het wot hr ou g ht heus eofs ma r t ph on e sa ndmod e r nc ompu t e r s

6 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19 ( Da f t , 2 02 1) . Wi t ht hi sde pe nd e nc eont e c hn ol o g y , t hef o c u sha ss h i f t e da wa yf r omoffe r i n g t a n gi bl epr od uc t sa n do wn i n gph y s i c a la s s e t st os ha r i n ge x i s t i n ga s s e t sorkno wl e dg eo n l i ne( Da f t , 2 02 1;Mr ó wk a& Pi nd e l s ki , 20 11 ) . Thu s , o r g a ni z a t i ona ls t r uc t ur e sma yn e e dt ot u r nf oc usa wa y f r om“ pi p e ”s t r uc t ur e s( Da f t , 20 21 , p. 3 65 )wh i c he mp ha s i z eh i e r a r c h ya nds l o we rde c i s i on ma ki n gc a pa bi l i t i e s , t o wa r dsmor ed i gi t i z e d, fle xi bl e ,a n dh i gh l yd e c e nt r a l i z e da pp r oa c he st ha t a r ebe t t e re q ui pp e dt oha nd l eg l ob a l di s r up t i on si ns oc i oe c on omi ca ndbu s i n e s se n v i r on me nt s ( Sc hwe r&Hi t z , 20 18 ) , e s pe c i a l l yi nt hec u r r e nt c l i ma t ewhe r ev i r t ua lt e c hn ol o g yi sf a s t r e pl a c i n gt heph y s i c a loffic e . Cha r ac t e r i s t i c sandConc e r nso fEme r gi ngSt r uc t ur e s Wh i l et r a d i t i on a ls t r u c t u r e sha v eha dt he i rp l a c ea ndt he i r‘ fif t e e ns e c on dsoff a me ’a si t we r e , mo s toft hepr e v a i l i n gs t r uc t ur e sf e l la pa r td ur i n gt hec or o na c r i s i sa st hewor kf o r c eofa l l ki nd so fo r g a n i z a t i on sr e ma i ne ddi s pe r s e df oro v e ray e a r , gi v i n gr i s et on e we r ,mor efle xi b l e s t r uc t u r e s .Thee ffe c to ft hepa n de mi cwa ss e e ni nt h ewa yr e po r t i n gr e l a t i on s hi p s , wor k r e l a t i on s h i ps , s c he du l e s , a ndwor kd i s t r i b ut i onwe r ef o r c e dt ob r e a kou toft hebo xo ft r a di t i on a l s t r uc t u r e s , a l on g s i d et h ea b r u pte nt r a nc eofd i gi t a lt e c h nol o gyi nt or e gu l a rc ommu ni c a t i ona nd c o or d i na t i onpr oc e s s e s( Al a m,2 02 0) .Al a m( 20 20 )c on t e nd st ha tt h e s es hi f t si ns t r uc t u r e , h i gh l i gh t e db yt hee mbr a c i n go fgl ob a l i z a t i on ,t e c h no l o gy , a ndgr e a t e ra ut on omyt ol o we rl e v e l s i nt h ehi e r a r c h y ,we r ea l r e a d yh a pp e ni n ga n dwou l dha v eoc c ur r e dr e g a r dl e s s . Thepa nd e mi c s i mpl yf or c e do r g a ni z a t i on st oa d a p tt ot he s ec h a n g e ss o on e ra ndwi t hr e l a t i v e l yl e s sp l a nn i n g , j ob d e s i g ni n g , a ndj oba l l o c a t i o nt ha nwo ul dha v eha pp e ne du nd e rus ua lc i r c ums t a nc e s( Al a m,2 02 0; Ol d ha m&Fr i e d, 20 16 ) . Fo ri ns t a nc e , t he“ wor k f r omho me ”ort e l e c ommut i n gp he no me no nh a s b e e na r ou ndf orawh i l es i nc et hede v e l op me nta ndut i l i z a t i onofc o mmun i c a t i ona ndi nf or ma t i o n

7 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19 t e c hn ol o gi e s( deVo se ta l . , 20 18 ) , ma ki n gt het r a n s i t i oni nt ot h i sne wwa yo fwor ki n gno tt o t a l l y u na n t i c i pa t e df r oma no r g a ni z a t i on a ls t a nd po i nt . La r g eor g a n i z a t i o nswou l dh a v et hebe n e fito fb e i n ga bl et oi mp l e me ntn e we rj obde s i gn s b a s e do nt het r e nd si nl i f e s t y l e , t e c hn ol o gy , a ndd i ffe r e n twor ka r r a n g e me nt smuc hbe t t e rt h a n s ma l l e ro r g a ni z a t i on s , ha vi n gmor ea s s e t s , r i s kma na g e me ntc a pa bi l i t i e sa ndc a pi t a lt or e l yo n t ha ns ma l l e rb us i ne s s e s( Al a m, 20 20 ;St a ffo r de ta l . , 20 19 ) . St i l l ,t hepa nd e mi cma yh a v ebe e na b l e s s i n gi nd i s gu i s ef orma n yc o mpa ni e si np us hi n gt he mi nt ot hef r a ya ndf or c i n gt h e mt o r e v a mpt h e i rc ur r e nts t r uc t ur e sa ndma k eu s eoft he i rbu s i ne s se c os y s t e msi nwa y st he yma yno t h a v ed o neb e f or e–e . g . , l o c a lr e s t a ur a nt sha v eon l yn o wp a r t n e r e dwi t ht hi r dpa r t yd e l i v e r y s e r vi c e sl i k eDoo r Da s ha ndUbe r Ea t sorb e g unde l i v e r i n gt h e ms e l v e s( Lun a ,2 02 0) . Th eq ue s t i on t hu sb e c ome swhe t he ror g a ni z a t i o na ls t r uc t ur e sn e e dt obepe r ma ne n t l yc h a n g e da nda da pt e dt o s ui two r k f r omh omea r r a n g e me n t si ft h e i ra i mi st or e t ur nt on or ma l , a ndi fwor ki n g f r o mho me r e ma i nspr e f e r r a bl e ,wh a ts t r uc t ur ec a nb e s tf a c i l i t a t epr od uc t i v i t ya nde ffic i e n c yi nt hel on gr un ( Gr e v e ,20 20 ) . Thi sc hoi c ebe t we e nt heol da ndt h en e wc a l l st omi n dt hedi ffe r e nt i a t i onbe t we e nt h eOl d a n dNe wTe s t a me nt s . Chr i s te mph a s i z e dt hev a l ueofb ot ht e s t a me nt si ns a y i n g ,“ Dono tt hi nk t ha tIc a met od e s t r o yt heLa wort hePr op he t s .Idi dn o tc omet od e s t r o yb utt of u l fil l ”( Ne wKi n g J a me sVe r s i o n,19 82 / 20 13 , Ma t t he w5 : 17 ) .Wh i l et hed e a t ha ndr e s ur r e c t i o nofCh r i s ti sc e nt r a l t ot heChr i s t i a nf a i t h, t hec on t e xt ofwh yChr i s th a dt oe nt e ras i nf ulwo r l di nt hefir s tpl a c ewa s s y mbo l i z e d, pr op he s i e da ndl a i dou ti nt h eOl dTe s t a me nt , ma ki n gt h eOl dTe s t a me nt f und a me nt a li nu nd e r s t a nd i n gt h eNe w( Ha m,20 18 ) .I gn or i n ge i t h e ro nec a nl e a dt oaf a i t h l a c ki n gc on t e xta ndbr i mmi n gwi t hs e r i o uspl o tho l e sa ndmi s c on c e pt i o nsa bo uts t r uc t u r a l e l e me nt sofbi bl i c a lf a i t h. Va r i ou sChr i s t i a n sa t t e mptt oi g no r et h eOl dTe s t a me nt( Ha m, 20 18 ) ,

8 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19 e v e nwh i l eChr i s tHi ms e l fc on fir me dt h et r u t ho fc on c e pt si nGe ne s i ss uc ha sma r r i a g ea nd c r e a t i on , a ndmi r a c l e sl i k eJ on a h ’ ss t or yi nMa t t h e w12 : 40( Ne wKi n gJ ame sVe r s i on , 1 98 2/ 2 01 3) . Si mi l a r l y ,J e wsi gn or et heNe wTe s t a me nta l t o g e t he r ,e v e nt ho u ghChr i s tf ul fil l e d v a r i ou sp r o ph e s i e sf r o m Hi sbi r t ha ndl i f et oHi sde a t ha ndr e s u r r e c t i o ni nt heb oo kso fI s a i a h a n dMa l a c h i ,mo s toft hewr i t e r soft heNe wTe s t a me nt st h e ms e l v e swe r ewr i t t e nb ya ndf orJ e ws ( wi t hPa ulbe i n gt h emi r a c ul ou se x c e p t i oni nt u r ni n gf r omc hi e fpe r s e c ut orofJ e wst oa p e r s e c ut e dChr i s t i a na ndmi ni s t e r i n gt oGe nt i l e s ) ,a nda l loft hewr i t e r sf r e q ue nt l yq uo t et heOl d Te s t a me ntLa w, t hepr o ph e t s , a ndSc r i p t u r ei nt h e i ra r gu me nt s( Da ma t o ,20 18 ) . Th us , i gn or i n g o nef o rt heot h e rc a nh a v es e r i ou sc o ns e q ue nc e sa nds ha k et hev e r yf ou nd a t i ono fou rFa i t h, ma ki n gi tag o o da n a l o g yf orde c i di n gwh e t he ro rno tt od i s c a r da l t o g e t h e rt r a di t i on a l h i e r a r c h i c a l , c e nt r a l i z e ds t r uc t ur e si nt h ewa k eo fmo de r n , a gi l e , vi r t u a lo r g a n i z a t i on . Fe a t ur e sofMode r nOr g ani z a t i ona lDe s i gna ndSt r uc t ur e s Compa n i e sbo t hl a r g ea nds ma l lne e dt oi nc or po r a t ea nda na l yz et heu s eofc e r t a i n a s pe c t sofa l t e r na t i v eo r g a ni z a t i on a l s t r u c t ur e s , i no r de rt os t a ya h e a do ft hec ur v ea n da nt i c i pa t e c ha n g e .Agi l i t y , ac o nc e p tt h a tha sbe e na r ou nds i nc et hel a t et we nt i e t hc e nt ur y , a l l o ws o r g a ni z a t i on st oa da ptt oc ha n g e , c on t i n uo us l yi mpr o v eo pe r a t i on s ,s t r uc t ur e s , a n do b j e c t i v e s ,a nd u l t i ma t e l ys t a yc ompe t i t i v e( Bus s e&We i dn e r , 20 20 ;Ma t h e r , 20 20 ) . Re mo t ec ol l a bo r a t i ona nd v i r t ua lc a pa bi l i t i e s , o nt heo t he rh a nd ,a l l o wt e a mst oc on t i nu ec ommu ni c a t i ona ndc oo r di n a t i on o fa c t i vi t i e sa tr e du c e dc o s t st hr o u ghs of t wa r el i k eZoo ma ndGoo g l eme e t i n g s( Fos s , 20 20 ; My s i r l a ki&Pa r a s k e v a ,2 02 0) . Fi na l l y ,d e l e g a t i onofd e c i s i onc ompe t e nc et ol o we r l e v e l ma na g e r sha v eb e c o mene c e s s a r ya sc ompa n i e sr e l yo ne l e c t r on i cpl a t f or mst oc oo r di n a t e a c t i vi t i e s( Fo s s , 20 20 ) . Al t e r n a t i v et y pe sofhi e r a r c h yma yb er e q ui r e ds ot h a tt h epe op l ewh oa r e t hemos tkno wl e dg e a bl ea nde q ui pp e dt oq ui c kl ya nde ffic i e nt l yha nd l et heou t c ome sofc r i s e s ,

9 EMERGING BUSINESS STRUCTURES DURING COVID-19 a r egi v e nt her e i ns( Mr ó wk a&Pi n de l s ki , 20 11 ) . Ea c ho ft h e s ef e a t ur e swo r kt o g e t h e rt oc on s t r u c t amor efle x i bl e , de c e nt r a l i z e d , a ut on omou sa n dp a r t i c i pa t i v eor g a ni z a t i o na le n v i r on me nt ,c ul t ur e , a n ds t r uc t ur ea ndwi l lt he r e f or eb ed i s c us s e di nd e t a i lbe l o w. Whe t h e ro rn ot t h e s epr i nc i pl e sa r e i n de e dr e q u i r e df ort hel on g t e r m, i fi nd e e de v e r ye ffor ti sbe i n gma det or e t ur nt h egl oba l e c o no myt oi t spr e p a nd e mi cs t a t e , r e ma i nst heq u e s t i o n( Gr e v e , 20 20 ) . Ag i l i t y Agi l i t yi ss e pa r a t ef...